Discovery of Microbes
This scientist used an early microscope to describe cork as being made of small compartments
Who is Robert Hooke?
This scientist developed the first successful vaccine based on observations of immunity
Who is Edward Jenner?
This outdated theory proposed that life could arise from nonliving matter (the belief that “putrefaction” of organic substances (probably food) is done by small organisms (microbes) that arise spontaneously from non-living organisms)
What is spontaneous generation?
This physician showed that handwashing dramatically reduced infection rates in maternity hospitals
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis?
This scientist is considered the father of soil microbiology and developed a growth chamber that grew the first anaerobes and the first phototrophic organisms. He also discovered parts of the N, S and Fe cycles
Who is Sergei Winogradsky?
What is Winogradsky column?
This scientist was the first to observe living microorganisms using a microscope
Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?
The reason early vaccination was controversial at the time it was introduced
What is vaccination involving intentional exposure to disease without understanding how immunity works?
This scientist provided early evidence that microbes do not arise spontaneously in sealed containers.
Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani?
The reason handwashing practices were initially rejected by many doctors
What is the fact that germ theory was not yet accepted, and doctors resisted changing practices?
This scientist founded microbial ecology and emphasized that environmental conditions determine which microbes grow
Who is Martinus Beijerinck?
These limitations of early microscopes slowed progress in microbiology after the first discoveries
What are microscopes with limited magnification and resolution?
The major difference in disease treatment after vaccines were introduced.
What is the shift in medicine from treating disease to preventing it?
It was found that heating could usually stop food spoilage, but not always. The reason heating doesn't always prevent food spoilage was later found.
What are heat-resistant spores?
This surgeon applied germ theory by treating wounds and medical tools with chemicals
Who is Joseph Lister?
This scientist used genetic information (ribosomal RNA) to fundamentally change how life is classified and realized that there should be three major domains of life
Who is Carl Woese?
what are Bacteria, Archaebacteria (now called Archaea), and Eucarya
This crude name first given to bacteria, and who coined it
What are "wee animalcules"?
Who is Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek?
The difference between vaccines and antibiotics
Vaccines are medicines that prevent you from getting sick by strengthening your immune system, so infections are less likely to start, whereas antibiotics fight an infection that's already making you sick
This scientist conclusively disproved spontaneous generation using specially designed flasks.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
This scientist experimentally proved that specific microbes cause specific diseases by studying anthrax using mice, and later discovered the cause of tuberculosis
Who is Robert Koch?
“Everything is everywhere, the environment selects”
-Martinus Beijerinck
What quote reinforced that microbes were ubiquitous?
How the ability to observe microbes changed how scientists investigate the natural world
What is direct observation that allowed scientists to test ideas about life using experiments rather than speculation?
Describe the first vaccination test on a 8 year old "volunteer", and who performed it (hint: vacca is Latin for cow)
What test consisted of rubbing cowpox blisters, then scratching the volunteer’s arm with the infection, and resulted in the volunteer becoming mildly sick, but recovering and never becoming sick with cowpox or smallpox again?
Who is Edward Jenner?
Why was disproving spontaneous generation essential for the development of germ theory?
What is the fact that germ theory requires microbes to come from existing microbes, not nonliving matter?
List Koch's Postulates (for 600 points)
1.)Microbe must be constantly present in diseased organism, but not in healthy organisms
2.)Microbe must be isolated in pure culture outside of host’s body
3.)When introduced to a healthy host, disease is initiated
4.)Should be able to re-isolate the microbe in pure culture, and it should be the same as the original isolate
Alexander Fleming's contribution to science
Which scientist grew bacteria on plates and realized some had fungal contaminants (Penicillium notatum), which inhibited bacterial growth?
His discovery was commercially produced in 1940’s
He won a Nobel Prize