Cells
This organelle contains DNA and acts as the control center of eukaryotic cells
The Nucleus
This group of macromolecules is produced by producers, and is the primary macromolecule used by consumers to produce cellular energy
Carbohydrates
This term describes any factor that restricts population growth/influences carrying capacity
Limiting Factor
This evidence for evolution shows that species have changed over time
Fossil Evidence
This molecule carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome
mRNA
This structure regulates what enters and exits the cell to maintain homeostasis
The Cell Membrane
This organelle converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose
Chloroplast
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: This type of species has a disproportionately large effect on ecosystem stability but IS NOT a producer. Otters are an example
Keystone species
This term describes heritable traits that increase survival or reproduction
Adaptations
This process uses a ribosome to assemble amino acids into a protein
Translation
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Identify 3 reasons why a cell might undergo cell division
-Growth, repair/maintenance, Reproduction
This group of macromolecule is made up of amino acids, and includes things like enzymes
Proteins
Explain why logistic population growth (S-curve) is more realistic than exponential growth (J curve) in natural ecosystems.
because resources become limited, causing populations to stabilize at carrying capacity
What are the necessary conditions for natural selection?
-Variation of heritable traits
-Competition (more born then can survive)
-Differential fitness (some traits more fit then others)
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Explain why a frameshift mutation often has a greater impact than a substitution mutation
it alters the reading frame, changing many amino acids downstream
Predict one consequence of unregulated cell division.
uncontrolled cell division could lead to tumors or cancer
state how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to another and why energy decreases at higher trophic levels.
10% if the energy is transferred, because energy is lost as heat
Analyze how the removal of a top predator can lead to changes in plant communities
herbivore populations increase, leading to overconsumption of plants and reduced ecosystem stability
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: Explain how genetic variation arises in a population and why it is essential for natural selection.
mutations create variation, which allows some individuals to survive and reproduce better under environmental pressures
how does meiosis contribute to genetic variation
(at least 2 ways)
-crossing over
-2 gametes combine
Explain why cells must complete DNA replication before mitosis, and identify the phase when this occurs
because each daughter cell must receive a complete genome, and DNA replication occurs during S phase
Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration and their relationship to the carbon cycle.
photosynthesis removes CO₂ to build glucose, while respiration breaks down glucose and releases CO₂, continuously cycling carbon
Predict how long-term increases in global temperature could alter species distributions and biodiversity
species may shift ranges (move to new areas) or go extinct if unable to adapt quickly, reducing biodiversity and ecosystem resilience
Explain why natural selection acts on populations rather than individuals
individuals do not change genetically during their lifetime, but the frequencies of traits shift across generations
Explain why meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes to half the number in body cells
so that when the 2 gametes combine, the have the correct number of chromosomes (ex. 23+23=46)