Nutrition Basics
Define nutrition
Nutrition: the study of how food nourishes the body and influences health
Explain the difference between nutrient density and energy density
BONUS: Give an example
Nutrient density: Comparison of vitamin and mineral content to number of kcals
Energy density: Comparison of the kcal content to the weight of the food
A
Anthropometrics: height/weight, skinfold thickness , arm muscle circumference
What is a sphincter?
A muscular and circular valve in the GI tract that controls the flow of food stuff
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
The mouth: salivary amylase
What are the three macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
Define empty calories
Provides kcals and few to no other nutrients
B
Biochemical data: Assessment of blood & urine to look at enzyme levels, concentration of nutrients or byproducts
Lower esophageal sphincter
Prevents reflux of stomach content to cause heartburn and ulcers
Name three things that are absorbed in the small intestine
Sugars, amino acids, fat, vitamins, minerals, water, alcohol, bile salts
Explain the difference between essential and non-essential nutrients
Essential nutrients must be obtained through the diet/outside sources.
Non-essential nutrients can be produced within the body.
How are nutrient goals/recommendations intended to be met
Through Diet
C
Clinical: general appearance of skin, eyes, tongue, hair…these are general, could indicate more than one problem
Pyloric sphincter
Controls the amount of stomach content into the small intestine
Define villi, where are they located?
BONUS: What type of cells are located on villi
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Located on the folded walls of the small intestine.
Cells: Enterocytes (absorptive cells)
Name the six processes included within nutrition
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion
Give an example of when standard nutrition recommendations would have to be adjusted
Disability, disease, restricted diets, malnourishment, etc.
D
Diet History: usual intake
Sphincter of Oddi
Controls the amount of bile and pancreatic secretions into the small intestine
What are the three types of absorption?
Passive/simple diffusion: Intestinal wall is permeable to the nutrient (no ATP)
Facilitated transport: A carrier shuttles substances into the absorptive cells (no ATP)
Active transport: Uses a carrier AND ATP
How many calories are included in one gram of each macronutrient (i.e. 1g of protein, 1g of fat, 1g carb)
BONUS: Alcohol?
Carbs: 4
Protein: 4
Fat: 9
Alcohol: 7
RDA
AI
UL
EER
DRI
Recommended daily allowance
Adequate intake
Upper limit
Estimated energy requirements
Dietary reference intake
E
Economics: what they can afford
Ileocecal sphincter
Prevents large intestine content (bacteria) back up into the small intestine
Name the three accessory structures of the digestive system
BONUS: What is the main goal of these accessory structures?
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
Main goal: Produce, store, and secrete enzymes and other chemicals involved in digestion