Thermoregulation
The primary organ responsible for regulating temperature
Skin
This hormone allows glucose to enter the cell
Insulin
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To provide the body with usable energy
Humans regulate the fluids in their bodies to make sure that cells are constantly in a(n) _____ solution
Intracellular fluid is another name for....
the solution inside cells
State one way your body responds to a drop in body temperature
Shivering, goosebumps, constricting blood vessels
How does exercise affect blood glucose levels? Explain.
Exercise decreases blood glucose levels because glucose is an input for cellular respiration - the process needed to convert glucose into usable energy to be used for exercise.
OUTPUTS: carbon dioxide and water
Drinking too much water results in a(n) ______ solution surrounding the cells, which will cause the cells to _____
hypotonic; swell/grow/burst/expand
This molecule is the main source of fuel for the body
Glucose
What happens do your blood vessels when your body temperature increases?
Blood vessels will dilate or become wider
Insulin is secreted and glucose is converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver
What role do the lungs play in circulation/respiration?
How does the body weight of a dehydrated individual before and after a race compare to that of an over-hydrated individual?
A dehydrated runner would have experienced weight loss, while the over-hydrated runner would have gained weight.
Define homeostasis
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment
Why would a marathon runner prefer low humidity on race day?
Humidity slows down evaporation, so it would take longer for someone to cool off during the race because their sweat is not evaporating as quickly as it should.
A runner is experiencing fatigue due to low blood glucose levels. What is most likely the body's first response, AND how does this return glucose levels back to normal?
Pancreas releases glucagon, which breaks down stored glycogen into glucose that can be used for energy
How does low blood glucose affect the rate of cellular respiration?
Low blood glucose causes a decreased rate of cellular respiration because glucose is an input of cellular respiration.
How would drinking too much gatorade without any physical activity affect your cells? Explain.
Gatorade has electrolytes/salts that will build up because they are not being released during exercise through sweat. As a result, the extracellular fluid will become more concentrated so water will leave the cell causing it to shrink.
Identify two body systems that help maintain glucose levels in the blood and describe how each system is involved.
Answers may vary. Acceptable responses:
Endocrine system - regulates secretion of insulin and glucagon
Digestive system - absorbs glucose from food
Nervous system - communicates information from brain/spinal cord and other organs
What physical signs/symptoms would be evident in a marathon runner who is experiencing issues with thermoregulation at the end of a race?
Acceptable responses:
High body temp but no sweat
Hot skin
Shivering
What evidence would support a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes? Explain using what you know about insulin and blood glucose levels.
Evidence: High insulin and high blood glucose levels. Individuals with type 2 diabetes are insulin-resistant. This means that when insulin is secreted, the cells are not responding to it so glucose is not being allowed in. As a result, blood glucose levels stay high and are less sensitive to the insulin.
Describe why heart rate and breathing rate increase during exercise.
Heart rate increases so that the buildup of CO2 in the cells can be quickly eliminated by carrying CO2 to the lungs and exhaling; and so that more oxygen can be brought to the cells from the lungs. Breathing rate increases in order to bring in more oxygen to the lungs from the environment and to quickly eliminate the excess CO2 once it is carried to the lungs.
How would running a marathon on a hot day affect urine production/concentration? Explain using what you know about kidneys and thermoregulation.
Urine would be more concentrated because runner would be sweating more due to hot weather, which would increase water loss, causing kidneys to reabsorb more water, making urine more concentrated.
How/why is anaerobic respiration beneficial to a marathon runner during the 26.2 mile race?
Anaerobic respiration produces the lactic acid which can be converted into small amounts of energy when oxygen is not available. This gives the runner enough energy to keep going, but also results in muscle fatigue, allowing the runner to slow down and accumulate enough oxygen until aerobic respiration can continue.