Atoms
Macromolecules
Scientific Method+5 Bio Concepts+8 macromolecules
Bonds
pH+bonds in water+polar and nonpolar molecules
200
what are electrons on the outer ring called
valance electrons
200
why do we need energy
•To get energy, yes but we also
•Need the matter
•Atoms
•Amino acids
•Glucose
•Fatty acids
Nucleotides
200
what are the steps of the scientific method
make an observation
raise a question
form a hypothesis
design the experiment
collect and analyze data
draw conclusions
200
what are the three main types of bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
200
how can covalent bonds make polar and nonpolar molecules
Covalent bonds have the ability to form polar and nonpolar molecules. It depends on how the sharing of electrons occurs in the molecule
°Equal sharing (no excess charge) – nonpolar
°Unequal sharing (excess charge) - polar
400
what is a complete definition of an atom and what does it become when it loses or gains electrons
an atom is the smallest particle of something that still maintains its properties and when it loses an electron it is called an ion
400
what are the macromolecules
•Carbohydrates
•Lipids
•Proteins
•Nucleic Acids
These are the molecules that all living systems need to function.
400
what are 5 concepts that unify biology
1.Life is subject to chemical and physical laws
2.Structure determines function
3.Living systems transform energy and matter
4.Living systems depend on information transactions
5.Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
400
what is a diatomic molecule
Diatomic Molecules – these form when two atoms of the same element share electrons
400
what are hydrogen bonds how do they work and how do they affect water
The unequal sharing of electrons in H20 generates a semi-positive and semi-negative charge on the molecule. This charge has attractive and repulsive forces toward other polar molecules and creates a hydrogen bond between the two. hese bonds are packed tight, making water more dense than ice and creating surface tension and high specific heat
600
when an atom has less electron than it needs to be balanced, what is it called
a positively charged cation
600
what are macromolecules made of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
Carbon is used all build all biomolecules
Nitrogen is used to build proteins and nucleic acids
Nitrogen is used to build proteins and nucleic acids
600
what are the 8 identifying features of life
- Cellular organization — all living things are made of one or more cells.
- Reproduction — organisms produce new organisms.
- Metabolism — organisms obtain and use energy through chemical reactions.
- Homeostasis — maintaining stable internal conditions.
- Heredity — genetic information (DNA) is passed from parents to offspring.
- Response to stimuli — organisms respond to environmental changes.
- Growth and development — organisms grow and undergo changes during their life.
- Adaptation through evolution — populations change over generations.
600
what is an ionic bond and what can they create
ions have a charge, either positive or negative. These oppositely charge ions attract to each other forming a new compound-an Ionic Compound. one atom steals a valance electron to become stable in this process and are locked together by electromagnetic forces
600
what are dehydration synthesis and hydrolisis and what enzymes accelerate this
the creation of polymers from smaller monomers. Water is released to form these polymers. lose hydrogen=bond over oxygen
hydrolisis is opposite adds water and removes this bond
Enzymes accelerate hydrolysis Peptidases – peptide bonds Amylases – glycosidic bonds Lipases – hydrolyze fats
800
when an atom has an excess electron what is it called
it is a negatively charged anion
800
why is carbon in all macromolecules
•Carbon has 4 valence electrons
•This means that carbon can make 4 covalent bonds
•They can bond with many elements and build LARGE structures/molecules
800
what are the simple sugar carbohydrates and their monomers and what are they joined together by
•Glucose – most cell able to readily use for energy
•Fructose – used in liver, changed to glucose for energy
•Galactose – used in glycoproteins/glycolipids, converted to glucose
Disaccharide – two monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond, formed through dehydration synthesis. Helps to transport these molecules since not easily digestible/usable in this form
•Maltose - glucose + glucose = maltose
•Sucrose - glucose + fructose = sucrose
•Lactose - glucose + galactose = lactose
joined together by a covalent bond called a GLYCOSIDIC BOND
800
what are covalent bonds and how are they different from ionic bonds
covalent bonds are strong intermolecular links formed by electron sharing that create one stable bond while ionic bonds are transfers of one or more electrons to another atom, creating positively charged (cation) and negatively charged (anion) ions that are held together by electrostatic attraction.
800
how do monomers and polymers determine the function of the macromolecule and what are functional groups
The monomers that make up a polymer play a crucial role in determining the structure and function of the macromolecule.Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. These specific atom arrangements determine how the molecule behaves, reacts, and interact with other molecules.
1000
common carbohydrate polysaccharides/monomers and what is a polysaccharide
•Starch – stored energy in plants (multiple types)
•Glycogen – stored energy in animals; usually stored in muscle and liver cells.
•Cellulose – structural polysaccharide; an important part of the cell wall in plants.
•Chitin – structural polysaccharide; found in exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi.
Polysaccharides- polymers that have storage functions where structure is determined by the positions of the glycosidic bonds and the monomers it’s made up of
1000
what are macromolecules made of besides carbon
•Biomolecules have a Carbon as the main element.
•In organic molecules carbon combines with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
•Made of subunits called monomers
•Monomers join together to form macromolecules (polymers)
monomers=smallest functional unit of macromolecule
polymer=strands of monomers
1000
what are polar molecules and effects
Like
Dislike
A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of electrical charge (a positive end and a negative end), while a non‑polar molecule has an even charge distribution with no distinct poles.
polar have bonds because of unequal charge so they are not hydrophobic, easy to break up in water, nonpolar is even and does not form this many bonds with water
1000
what are the types of covalent bonds and what is their goal when forming
the goal is to always reach the full octet or noble-gas configuration. For this to occur some molecules are formed when multiple pairs of electrons are being shared-multiple covalent bonds and singular covalent bonds.
1000
what are carbohydrates wha are there monomers and polymersand what are there structures and functions
What they are: Sugars and polymers of sugars (usually end in the suffix – ose)
Monomers: Monosaccharide – simple sugar – generally comprised of Carbon Hydrogen, and Oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio. ’
Polymers: Polymer – Disaccharides & Polysaccharides
All of the following monosaccharides have equal # C, H, and O (C6H12O6), the same chemical formula. However, the C, H, and O’s are all arranged differently. Different structural formulas, therefore different functions