Experiments and misc.
Factors that are kept the same throughout an experiment.
constants
What tells you the number of electrons for an element?
atomic #
What is the main basic function of carbohydrates in animals and plants?
provide quick and direct access to energy
In plants:
carbs also provide structure (cellulose) and are made by photosynthesis (makes sugars)
Eukaryotic cells include animal cells, protist cells, fungi cells, and ______ cells.
plant cells
Diffusion of water from an area of high to an area of low concentration is known as: _______.
osmosis
Controlled variables or factors kept the same throughout an experiment are called:
constants
The number of neutron can be found by...
#protons + #neutrons = average atomic mass
Answer: Take atomic mass - atomic number
phospholipids, waxes, oils, and steroids are all examples of ________.
lipids
State 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1. Prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus
2. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles
3. prokaryotic cells have a capsule and are smaller
What type of molecule can easily pass through the cell membrane?
small and nonpolar molecules
A student wants to test the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
PROVIDE BOTH:
What is the independent (manipulated) variable in this experiment?
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
independent = light intensity (what you are changing)
dependent = rate of photosynthesis (what you are measuring caused by what you changed (independent variable)
What kind of ion would Mg (atomic #12) most likely form?
positive ion (2+)
Mg has 2 valence electrons --> easier to give up those two electrons --> becomes +2 (it will have two more protons than electrons)
these types of lipid have a straight molecular shape and are solid at room temperature. They are _______
saturated fats
-straight, linear shape
-solid are room temperature, can be compacted
NOTE
unsaturated fat = bent shape, liquid at room temperature
Provide 3 key differences between plant and animal cells:
1. Plant cells have chloroplast
2. Plant cells have cell wall
3. Plant cells have square/rectangular shape
4. Plant cells have large central vacuole
Exocytosis and endocytosis requires _____.
energy (active transport)
-moving large section of material through vesicles (whole membrane folding)
Catalase, an enzyme, breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water.
H2O2 + enzyme --> O2 + H2O
What are the reactants for this chemical reaction?
H2O2 and enzyme
Note:
H2O2 + enzyme --> O2 + H2O
Left side = reactants (what gets used up/goes in)
Right side = products (what is made/comes out)
Draw a water molecule with the correct partial charges:
What is the term to describe the different (uneven) charges on a water molecule:
Picture: partial + on hydrogen atoms; partial negative on oxygen
Answer: polar
State the monomer for each:
carbs
lipids
proteins
carbs = monosaccharides
lipids = fatty acids (for the most part)
proteins = amino acids
State 4 things that can be found in BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
1. cell membrane
2. ribosome
3. cytoplasm
4. DNA
Plant cells have a cell wall to resist breaking since they like to be a _________ environment. (Type of solution)
hypotonic solution
(high water outside compared to inside --> water goes into the cell)
What is another term for hydrophobic? For example, something that is hydrophobic is also _______.
nonpolar
What are the elements that make up lipids?
CHOP
Note:
Carb = CHO (1:2:1 ratio)
Proteins = CHONS
1. extreme heat
2. extreme pH
3. physical force
What is the name of the organelle that helps freshwater paramecium resist lysis from being in a hypotonic solution?
contractile vacuole
The pumping of protons during the ETC is a form of _____ transport, but the flow of H+ protons through ATP synthase is _______ transport.
active, passive