Unit I
The system of duty and right action in Hindu theology, sometimes described as moral responsibilities.
What is dharma
The principle that beliefs, values, and practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than judged by the standards of another culture.
What is cultural relativism
The global warming threshold identified by climate scientists as a critical limit beyond which the risks of extreme weather, sea-level rise, and ecological damage increase significantly.
What is 1.5 Degrees Celsius
The brutal transatlantic journey in which enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas under horrific conditions as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
What is the middle passage
An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned, markets determine prices, and profit motivates production and investment.
What is capitalism?
a belief system that transcends the geography and time of its origin, is widely adopted
what is a Universal/Portable Belief System (Religion)
A 1948 United Nations document that sets out fundamental human rights and freedoms to which all people are entitled, regardless of nationality, race, religion, or gender.
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
The process in which gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere, warming the planet
The Greenhouse Effect
The widespread movement of plants, animals, peoples, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia following European contact in 1492.
What is the Columbian Exchange
An 18th-century Scottish economist who argued that markets tend toward a natural equilibrium as individuals pursue self-interest, guided by an “invisible hand.”
Who is Adam Smith?
An interconnected network of land and sea trade routes linking East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe that facilitated the exchange of goods, religions, technologies, and ideas.
What is the Silk Road?
A European cultural movement from roughly the 14th to 17th centuries marked by a revival of classical Greek and Roman learning, humanism, artistic innovation, and scientific inquiry.
What is the renaissance?
The country responsible for the largest share of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution.
What is the United States
A successful slave revolt from 1791–1804 that overthrew French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue and led to the creation of the first independent Black republic.
What is the Haitian Revolution
A British economist who argued that government spending and intervention are necessary to manage economic downturns and stabilize capitalist economies.
Who is John Maynard Keynes?
The core Buddhist teaching that life involves suffering (dukkha), suffering is caused by desire, suffering can end, and the Eightfold Path leads to its cessation.
What are the Four Noble Truths?
An ethical theory that evaluates actions by their consequences, holding that the most moral choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism(Consequentialism)
The practice of planting trees on land that has not been forested in recent history to absorb carbon dioxide, reduce a nation's GhG contributions, restore ecosystems, and combat climate change.
What is afforestation?
A system of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as legal property, bought and sold, and enslaved for life with status passed down to their children
What is chattel slavery?
A form of government in which political power rests with citizens who elect representatives to deliberate on their behalf, rather than with a monarch or hereditary ruler.
What is a republic (representative democracy)?
The foundational Jewish text consisting of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, traditionally attributed to Moses, outlining law, covenant, and divine instruction.
What is the Torah?
An ethical theory that judges the morality of actions based on adherence to duties or rules rather than their consequences, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant.
What is deontology
Products manufactured in large quantities using standardized processes, machinery, and often factory systems, making them cheaper and widely available
What are mass-produced goods?
An awareness by a social group of its shared economic position and interests
What is class consciousness?
A system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small, elite group, often defined by wealth, family, or military control.
What is oligarchy?