Host Defense Review!

T cells, Immunological Memory, and Vaccines

1

This cell type is the best at activating naïve T cells

Dendritic Cells

2

Signal 1 alone (ie no co-stimulation) results in this

Anergy

3

These compounds are added to vaccines, in addition to the pathogen, to stimulate immune responses.

Adjuvants

4

TH1 cells increase inflammation and are a major defense against bacteria and viruses, and production of them is stimulated by these 2 cytokines (name 1)

IL-12 and IFN-gamma

5

This immunoglobulin isotope is NOT produced in a secondary response?

IgM

Autoimmunity (again) and Disruption of Healthy Tissue

1

Every autoimmune disease resembles one of these types of hypersensitivity reactions

Type II, III, or IV

2

In a direct Coomb's test, if this happens to the RBCs it is considered a positive result

Agglutination

3

What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs when an antigen is exposed to an IgE antibody on a mast cell, the mast cell is activated and triggers immune response (increased dramatically with re-exposure).

Type I 

4

Rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies are directed against this portion of an antibody (ie they are anti-what)

Fc (RF is anti-Fc)

5

This is an unresponsiveness to an antigen that is induced by exposure of the lymphocytes to that antigen – an antigen specific “NO” answer (unlike immunosuppression)

Immunological Tolerance

Bacteria and Mycobacteria

1

This bacterial appendage is involved in DNA transfer between bacteria

Pili

2

This staining technique is used for mycobacteria since gram staining is not effective

Acid Fast Staining

3

This is the elimination of most micro-organisms, excluding spores

Disinfection

4

This is the transfer of bacterial genes via bacteriophages

Transduction

5

This can make a TB skin test result in a false positive

BCG Vaccine

Gram Positives

1

The most common cause of community acquired pneumonia is

Strep pneumoniae

2

This test can differentiate streptococcus from staphylococcus

Catalase test

3

This is an important uropathogen, especially in young women

Staph saprophyticus

4

Ms X is a PWID and is diagnosed with endocarditis in the ER, what is the most likely cause of her infection?

Staph aureus

5

Sara is late in her second trimester and presents with a flu-like illness and bacteremia, her care team is worried about premature labour or even stillbirth. What infection does she likely have?

Listeria

Gram Negatives

1

This is the most commonly isolated pathogen from UTIs (80%)

E coli

2

This component of gram negative cell walls contains endotoxin

Lipopolysaccharide

3

Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia produce this virulence factor which increases urinary pH

Urease

4

This bacteria is found in soil and water and is often the culprit in opportunistic infections

P aeruginosa

5

This bacteria produces shiga toxins, has a 1-7 day incubation period, and is the most communicable of the bacterial diarrheas

Shigella