Philosophy
This Athenian philosopher was accused, and convicted, of corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods.
Socrates
Traditionally, ancient Greek warfare was fought between two armies made up mostly of this type of soldier, armed with a shield and a spear.
hoplite
The agoge, Sparta's system for educating elite citizens from age 7 to adulthood, was designed to optimize Spartan performance in this area.
war
democracy
Dating all the way back to the Archaic Period, this league was led by Sparta.
Peloponnesian League
This philosopher, the author of such works as the Poetics, was deeply interested in how to categorize all sorts of phenomena, from types of poems, to types of government, animals, etc.
Aristotle
The phalanx formation features two of these; traditionally the right one is stronger, but, by instead packing the left one 50 rows deep, Epaminondas and the Thebans defeated the Spartans at Leuctra.
flank/wing/side
Sparta had a "mixed constitution" or political system whose components included an Assembly, Council of (28) Elders, 5 ephors or "overseers," and 2 of these.
kings
Immediately after the Peloponnesian War, Sparta replaced Athens' system of government with this governing body, made up of people hand-picked to advance Spartan interests.
the Thirty Tyrants
This league was founded after the Persian Wars as an offensive and defensive alliance against future Persian invasions.
Delian League
This student of Socrates wrote philosophical dialogues such as The Republic and the Symposium.
Plato
the Sacred Band
Spartan society was divided up among enslaved helots, the perioeci ("those who live around") who engaged in trade and commerce, and this class of people, considered full citizens.
Spartiates
The comedic play Clouds by Aristophanes of Athens lampooned this Athenian thinker and his students, and it contributed to negative public perceptions that he tried to overcome in his Apology or self-defense speech in 399.
Socrates
This league was founded in around 377 and included many former members of the 5th century Athenian Empire.
Second Athenian Confederacy/League
This student of Gorgias founded a school of rhetoric and used speeches as a vehicle for his philosophical ideas.
Isocrates
Named for the pelte, a light, less expensive shield made out of wicker, this type of soldier appeared on the battlefield more frequently in the fourth century, especially after Iphicrates led a unit of them effectively in the Battle of Lechaeum to help Athens defeat Sparta.
peltast
Spartan imperialism under Lysander introduced this commodity to Sparta for the first time since the Archaic Period reforms -- traditionally forbidden for elite Spartans to have.
money (in gold and silver)
Athens enjoyed a golden age under the leadership of this 5th century politician, who is associated with a monumental building program on the Athenian acropolis, the expansion of democracy, and the innovative but doomed "island policy" used at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
Pericles
This league was led by Thebes; its neighbor Athens took a long time to recognize its existence.
Boeotian League
Aristotle, born in Stageira (a polis in northern Greece, near Macedon) was tutor to this famous Macedonian.
Alexander the Great
"Iphicratides," meaning something like "the Iphicrates kind," was the nickname given to this piece of military equipment improved by the Athenian general Iphicrates.
boots
A Theban army led by Epaminondas freed the helots enslaved by Sparta in this region of the Peloponnese.
Messenia
The Peloponnesian League finally defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War in part by cutting off its trade with the Black Sea, which was an important source for importing this commodity.
grain
This league was founded in 370 in the central Peloponnese, partly as a response to Spartan enforcement of the autonomy clause of the King's Peace in Mantineia. It fell apart by the year 362, when its member city-states ended up on different sides of the Battle of Mantineia.
Arcadian League