A sociocultural theorist who portrays children as social learners, intertwined with other people who eagerly help them gain skills and understanding.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
100
The tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden.
What is A-not-B error?
100
A method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other.
What is preferential-looking technique?
100
Learning the relation between one's own behavior and the consequences that result from it.
What is operant conditioning?
100
Systems for representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge and for communicating them to other people.
What are symbols?
200
The period within Piaget's theory in which children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought.
What is the preoperational stage?
200
A process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage of their own.
What is social scaffolding?
200
First discovered classical conditioning by experimenting on dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
200
The attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object.
What is a scale error?
200
The distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children.
What is infant-directed speech?
300
A class of theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems
What are dynamic-systems theories?
300
Approaches that view children as having some innate knowledge in domains of special evolutionary importance and domain-specific learning mechanisms for rapidly and effortlessly acquiring additional information in those domains.
What are core-knowledge theories?
300
Considered the "disappearing reflex".
What is the stepping reflex?
300
The ability to move oneself around in the environment.
What is self-locomotion?
300
Criteria for an infant's first word.
What is a word that is any specific utterance consistently used to refer to something or to express something?
400
A class of theories that focuses on the structure of the cognitive system and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems.
What are information-processing theories?
400
The three types of conservation that Piaget studied.
What is liquid quantity, solid quantity, and numbers?
400
In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
What is conditioned stimulus?
400
Three examples of common neonatal reflexes.
What is grasping, rooting, sucking, or tonic neck reflex?
400
Known as critical period for language.
What is the time during which language develops readily and after which language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful?
500
A type of core-knowledge approach that posits that infants are born with substantial knowledge of evolutionary important domains.
What is nativism?
500
The three parts of the memory system in the information-processing theory.
What is working memory, long-term memory, and executive functioning?
500
A factor that can influence when motor milestones occur.
What are cultural differences?
500
Age when binocular vision usually emerges.
What is four month of age?
500
The idea that a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two ways at the same time- both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself.