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Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
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This type of speech is characterized by a slower rate of delivery, higher pitch, more varied intonation, shorter, simpler sentence patterns, stress on key words, frequent repetition, and paraphrase.
What is child-directed speech/foreigner talk/teacher talk/caregiver talk? pp. 39 and 26
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Stephen Krashen (1989) has asserted that this is the best source of vocabulary growth.
What is reading for pleasure? p. 63
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Patkowski found that for learners who acquire a second language primarily in the 'natural' environment, age of acquisition is an important factor in setting limits on the development of native-like mastery of a second language and that this limitation does not apply only to this.
What is pronunciation? p. 95
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Advances in technology are rapidly increasing opportunities to observe brain activity more directly. Such research will eventually contribute to reinterpretations of research. This has been the only type of behavior, of learners speaking or performing other language tasks, that linguists and psychologists have been able to examine up until recently.
What is observable behavior? p. 120
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The teacher's reformulation of all or part of a students' utterance, minus the error.
What are recasts? p. 140
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This theory of learning was influential in the 1940s and 1950s and B.F. Skinner was its best-known proponent. This theory hypothesized that when children imitated the language produced by those around them, their attempts to reproduce what they heard received 'positive reinforcement.' This reaction would shape the child's language behavior.
What is behaviorism? p. 15
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These words look like their translation equivalent in other languages.
What is cognates? p. 63
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Communicative confidence is shaped by two variables: how relaxed L2 learners are and how "this" they feel about their L2 ability.
What is competent (or incompetent)? p. 86
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Richard Schmidt proposed this hypothesis in 2001. It states that nothing is learned unless it has been 'noticed'.
What is the noticing hypothesis? p. 115
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This type of feedback contains comments, information, or questions related to the correctness of the student's utterance, without explicitly providing the correct form.
What is metalinguistic? p. 140
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This hypothesis states that animals, including humans, are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill at specific times in life.
What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)? p. 22
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Most everyday conversation requires this many words.
What is 2,000 words? p. 61
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This type of learner cannot learn something until they have seen it.
What is visual learner? p. 83
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According to Michael Long (1983, 1996) there are no cases of beginner-level learners acquiring a second language from native-speaker talk if someone has not done "this" to the language in some way.
What is modified/changed/simplified/negotiated for meaning/modified interaction? p. 114
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This type of instructional environment involves learners whose goal is learning the language itself, but the style of instruction places the emphasis on interaction, conversation, and language use, rather than on learning about the language.
What is communicative, content-based, and task-based? p. 124
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Jean Berko Gleason (1958) developed this 'test' in which children are shown drawings of imaginary creatures with novel names or people performing mysterious actions. By generalizing patterns to words they have never heard before, children show that their language is more than just a list of memorized word pairs such as 'book/books' and 'nod/nodded'.
What is the 'wug' test? p. 8
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An educated adult speaker of English is believed to know this many words.
What is 20,000 words? p. 61
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In a study in French immersion programs in Canada, Fred Genesee (1976) found that, while intelligence was related to the development of French second language reading, grammar, and vocabulary, it was unrelated to this.
What is oral production skills? p. 79
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According to Krashen, in order for input to be effective, it must be this:
What is comprehensible? p.106
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This type of language acquisition takes place when the learner is exposed to the language at work or in social interaction or, if the learner is a child, in a school situation where most of the other children are native speakers of the target language and where the instruction is directed toward native speakers rather than toward learners of the language.
What is natural? p. 123
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Bloom (1991) found that there is a predictable order in which 'wh-words' emerge. The first wh-question is generally this.
What is what? followed by where ---- who ---- why (around the end of the second year) and eventually followed by how and when p. 10
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Larry Selinker (1972) coined this term to refer to the fact that some features in a learner's language seem to stop changing.
What is fossilization? p. 43
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These type of learners claim that physical action such as miming or role-play seems to help the learning process.
What are kinaesthetic learners? p. 83
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Krashen states that elements of language are acquired in a certain predictable ....
What is order/sequence? p.106
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In this type of instructional environment, the language is taught to a group of second or foreign language learners and the focus is on the language itself, rather than on the message carried by the language.
What is structure-based/grammar-based instructional environments? p. 123