The principle “Nothing can both have a property and lack it at the same time” is the law of
What is non-contradiction
100
This fallacy is committed when someone misrepresents another's claim to make it easier to dismiss or reject
What is a straw man?
100
This perceptual mistake occurs when someone perceives non-existent properties in an object on the basis of knowledge that they were there and/or belief or expectation that they should be there.
What is perceptual constancy
100
This conceptual error occurs when someone attributes human thoughts, feelings, and desires to non-human objects...or assumes that non-human things have human like characteristic.
What is anthropomorphic bias
100
The extent to which a hypothesis or theory increases, systematizes, and unifies our knowledge
What is adequacy
200
A or ~A
What is the principle of excluded middle?
200
This fallacy is committed when someone mistakenly presumes that only two alternatives exist when in actuality there are more than two
What is a false dilemma?
200
This perceptual construction happens when we see a stimulus as something it’s not and make meaningful perceptions out of meaningless objects/stimuli
What is pareidolia?
200
This conceptual error occurs when someone evaluates a claim only on the basis of evidence that they have physically or psychologically available to them instead of looking at all the relevant evidence.
What is the availability error
200
The amount of diverse phenomena explained by a hypothesis or theory
What is scope
300
An argument that shows that a position leads to absurd consequences
What is a reductio ad absurdum
300
This fallacy is committed when someone mistakenly assumes that what is true of the parts of something is automatically true of the whole
What is composition?
300
This conceptual mistake occurs when someone believes that a general personality description, such as one finds in astrology, accurately describes oneself
What is the Forer Effect
300
This conceptual error occurs when someone ignores or misinterprets evidence that conflicts with their own strongly held views and/or only looks for and recognizes only evidence that supports their views
What is confirmation bias
300
When a hypothesis or theory fits with and doesn't conflict with well-established background beliefs
What is conservative?
400
A is ~A at the same time and in the same sense
What is a contradiction?
400
The Latin name of this fallacy is committed when someone claims that because B follows A, A must be the cause of B
What is post hoc, ergo propter hoc
400
This memory error occurs when we believe that our ideas are are original but they are actually memories of things that we’ve forgotten and/or forgotten we knew.
What is cryptomnesia?
400
This experiential error occurs when people experience physical or psychological improvement after receiving an inactive medical treatment that they believe is active
What is the placebo effect
400
The successful prediction of new phenomena that opens up new lines of research
What is fruitfulness
500
HARRY POTTER SPECIAL!!!
This famous plant-like trap in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is premised on the paradoxical logic that the more you try to resist it or escape it the more one is snared by it!
What is the Devil's Snare
500
This fallacy is committed when someone claims that because A and B resemble one another in certain respects, such as w, x, and y, they resemble one another in further respects, such as x.
What is faulty analogy or guild by association?
500
HARRY POTTER SPECIAL!!! Although it seems to be both physically and logically impossible, in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Hermione Granger received one of these magical devices from Professor McGonagall so that she could attend more classes in her third year than time would allow
What is a Time Turner?
500
This conceptual error is committed when we mistakenly assume that members of a category should resemble a prototype and that effects should resemble their causes
What is the representativeness heuristic
500
The requirement that we assume no more than is required to explain the phenomenon in question