Research types/designs
What are the 2 types of research?
- quantitative
- qualitative
Which type of sampling is most unbiased?
simple random sampling
How many types of consent are there and what are they?
3
free choice, informed choice, ongoing choice
Is self report data quantitative, qualitative, or both?
both
Levels of education is an example of what type of measurement?
ordinal
What are the measures of central tendency?
mean, median, mode
Provide 3 characteristics of the normal curve
- symmetrical
- bell shaped
- the middle is 0
- positive values to the right of zero, negative values to the left
What is the definition of reliability?
How trustworthy the informative results are. (consistency)
A researcher wants to know what type of timbit is most popular. They believe that chocolate timbits will be more popular than birthday cake timbits. Write the syntax
H0: u(chocolate) <= u(birthday cake
Ha: u(chocolate) > u(birthdaycake)
What are the 3 types of research design
- descriptive
- predictive
- experimental
Every Xth member is selected. What type of sampling is this?
systematic
participant can leave study whenever they want and their information and data are destroyed
ongoing choice
Name 2 problems with self-report data collection
What is the "defining characteristic" that distinguishes nominal from ordinal data
ordinal has a direction of difference
1, 2, 5, 8, 4, 9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 2, 5, 9, 6, 2, 4, 7, 3, 9,
What is the mean?
5.16
Draw a normal curve and show me where the mean, median, and mode are located
in the middle
What is the definition of validity?
the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. (accuracy)
A researcher want to know about popular travel destinations. They believe that the amount of visitors to hawaii will be the same as mexico. Write the syntax
H0: u(hawaii) = u(mexico)
Ha: u(hawaii) does not equal u(mexico)
Which type of research tests theories?
What are the two types of non-probability sampling?
- convenience
- quota
What is free choice?
the participant is not forced to take part in the study - they are choosing willingly
How many types of question errors are there and describe one in depth
3
Loaded questions: includes non neutral or emotion laden terms.
Leading questions: sways the respondant to answer in a desired manner.
Double barreled question: asks more than 1 thing at a time.
Which levels of measurement include parametric data
interval and ratio
1, 2, 5, 8, 4, 9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 9
What is the range?
8
What percentage of scores fall between -1SD and +1SD? What percentage of scores fall below -1SD?
68%
16%
Logical validity = content & face
Statistical validity = construct/predictive & criterion
A researcher believes that chocolate timbits (N=15) are more popular than birthday cake (N=15). a=0.05
The calculated t-test value is 3.12
What is the conclusion?
df = 28
Critical value = ?
Conclusion = reject null hypothesis
Provide the definition of experimental research (what is the purpose)
- to identify cause and effect factors
What are the 3 types of qualitative sampling?
quota, purposive, snowball
What type of consent must be given when minors are involved
assent
Pros: lost cost, low interviewer bias
Cons: high risk of misinterpretation, low response rate
Which levels of data include discrete data
nominal and ordinal
1, 2, 5, 4, 4, 9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 2, 5, 9, 6, 2, 4, 7, 4, 9,
What is the mode?
4
What does a z-score tell you?
a measure of how many SD units a raw score is from the mean of a distribution
What are the source for error in reliability?
-Participant (biological variation)
-Testing (learning, motivation and fatigue of participants)
-Instrumentation (how accurate the testing equipment is).
You want to know if each suit in a deck of 200 cards has an equal chance of being dealt. a=0.10
The calculated Chi-Square value is 7.13
What is your conclusion?
df = 3
critical value = 6.251
Conclusion = reject null hypothesis
Surveys, observational research, epidemiological research, and case studies are all what type of research design
Descriptive
Provide 3 examples of ordinal data and interval data
Ordinal: levels of education, financial status, place # in line or in a rice
Interval: temperature in degrees, scores in judged sports, time of day
1, 2, 5, 8, 4, 9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 9
What is the median?
5
What does it mean if you have a z score of 0
your score is the same as the mean
Solve the Chi-Square for a=0.05 (include syntax, calculated score, critical value, and conclusion)
You want to know if the percentage of people who own cats at MRU is similar to the city rate. The city rate is 48%. In a sample of 200 students, you find that 94 own a cat.
syntax - null: O=E
calculated score: 0.08
df: 1
critical value: 3.84
conclusion: fail to reject null hyphothesis
Provide 3 characteristics of qualitative research
- examines/evaluates patterns of meaning in people's words, actions, and records
- data is ideas (rather than numerical)
- uses interviews or focus groups to collect data
- research design/variables evolve
- reality is subjective and is contextual
Provide 3 examples of nominal data and ratio data
ratio: distance in km, time to run a race, blood pressure, cost to buy something
1, 2, 5
What is the standard deviation?
2.08
The average on a test was 80% with an SD of 6. What is the z-score and percentile rank of a student who scored 75% on the test?
Z = 0.83
percentile rank = 20%