Industrial Revolution
What were the beginnings of industrial revolution in Britain?
Natural resources, political stability, colonial markets, agricultural revolution
What were the motives for European colonizers for imperialism?
EPIRE, economic, political, ideological, religious, exploratory
What were the events that set WWI in motion?
MANIA, militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination
What were the factors leading to the Russian revolution?
Russia faced military defeats in WWI, food shortages, poor working conditions, and a lack of political reform, all of which fueled widespread unrest and led to the fall of the czar.
What was the impact of railroads on the British industry?
Railroads enabled faster, cheaper transportation of raw materials and finished goods, which boosted trade, opened new markets, and spurred industrial growth.
What were the nationalist movements in India?
Indian National Congress, Muslim League
What were the events on the Western Front?
Fighting in France and Belgium turned into a brutal stalemate marked by trench warfare, with massive casualties and little land gained.
What were the causes for the Great Depression?
The 1929 stock market crash in the U.S., banking failures, global trade decline, and overproduction led to a worldwide economic collapse.
What were the positive effects of the industrial revolution?
Despite hardships, the Industrial Revolution increased productivity, improved transportation, and eventually led to higher standards of living and access to goods.
What was the impact of colonial rule?
Colonialism disrupted traditional societies, exploited resources, and created artificial borders, but it also introduced infrastructure and Western education systems.
What were the events on the Eastern Front?
Unlike the West, the Eastern Front was more mobile, with Russia fighting Germany and Austria-Hungary, but Russian forces were poorly equipped and eventually suffered major losses.
How did nations around the world respond to the Great Depression?
Some governments, like the U.S. under FDR, implemented public works and welfare programs (e.g., the New Deal), while others raised tariffs or turned to authoritarian regimes for solutions.
What were the origins and main concepts of socialism and Marxism?
Socialism arose as a response to industrial inequality, advocating for shared ownership of resources, while Karl Marx’s Marxism called for a classless society and the overthrow of capitalism.
What were Egypts reforms?
Led by Muhammad Ali, Egypt modernized its military and economy and built the Suez Canal, increasing European interest and eventual control.
How did governments establish wartime economies?
Governments took control of industries, rationed goods, and used propaganda to support the war effort, shifting economies toward total war production.
What was the connection between the Great Depression and the rise of fascism?
The economic crisis caused loss of faith in democracy and fueled support for fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler, who promised stability and national strength.
What was unionization and legislative reforms?
Workers formed unions to demand better wages and conditions, and over time, governments passed labor laws regulating work hours, child labor, and workplace safety.
What were the positive and negative aspects of colonialism in India?
Britain built railways, introduced Western education, and modernized infrastructure, but also exploited India economically, restricted local industries, and caused famines.
What were the effects of the war?
WWI caused the deaths of millions, economic devastation, the collapse of empires (Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Ottoman), and set the stage for political upheaval and World War II.
In many countries, democratic governments were replaced or weakened as authoritarian regimes took control, using propaganda, censorship, and violence to suppress opposition and control society.