Vision
The way that we make visual sense of lightwaves is called __________.
transduction
Audition refers to our sense of _________________.
hearing
The ____________ sense refers to our sense of touch, warmth, cold, pressure, pain, etc.
somesthetic
Expectations, context, culture, prior experience are all a part of ___________ ________.
perceptual set
While _________ are light sensitive and can pick up fine detail, ________ sense black, white, and grey and are responsible for peripheral vision.
cones
rods
When it comes to sound wave, ________ refers to loudness and _________ refers to tone (high or low).
amplitude
pitch
Our ________ sense is what allows us to move our body parts without having to look at them. _________ is our awareness of our body in space in relation to other objects.
kinesthetic
Proprioception
We rely on depth cues in order to accurately see our world in three dimensions. These include _______ cues that only require one eye such as interposition, linear perspective, and texture gradient and ______ cues such as convergence and retinal disparity that require the use of both eyes.
monocular
binocular
_________ is difficulty seeing objects that are far away. __________ is difficulty seeing objects that are close up. __________ is reduced vision in one eye ("lazy eye").
Presbyopia
Amblyopia
The pinna and auditory canal are the main components of the _______ ear. The tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the ossicles (hammer, stirrup, and anvil) are the main components of the ______ ear. The cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve, and semicircular canals are the main components of the ______ ear.
outer
middle
inner
________ threshold refers to the _________ amount of stimulus we can detect at least ________% of the time (with no competing stimulus).
Absolute
minimum
50
Three ways we perceive motion include:__________effect (a rapid series of slightly varying images perceived as moving images (flip book, “old” movies), __________ phenomen (illusion of movement created when two or more-lights next to each other blink on and off), and ___________ effect (perceptual phenomenon where a stationary point of light appears to move in a dark environment due to small eye movements)
stroboscopic
phi
autokinetic
The Young-Helmholz ___________ Theory of Color Perception asserts that there are three receptors in the retina that are responsible for perception of color. The three receptors perceive either________ (short-wavelengh), __________ (medium-wavelength), or ___________ (long-wavelengh).
Tri-Chromatic
Blue
Green
Red
Short-wavelengths signal _________ sounds. Long wavelengths signal ________ sounds. Great amplitude signals ________ sounds. Small amplitude signals _______ sounds.
high-pitched
low-pitched
loud
quiet
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception focuses on _________ processing and __________(innate and adaptive traits), while Gregory's Constructivist Theory focuses on _________ processing and _________ (environmental influences).
bottom-up
nature
top-down
nurture
Herring's ____________ Theory of Color states that ability to perceive color is controlled by three receptor complexes with opposing actions. They are ________, _________, and ___________. This means that the same kind of cell that will activate when you see green will deactivate when you see _________.
Opponent-Process
Red-Green
Blue-Yellow
Black-White
Red
Briefly summarize one theory of pitch:
Volley Theory: clusters of neurons on the auditory nerve take turns firing in a series of rhythmic volleys; the number of volleys determines the pitch.
Place Theory: we hear different pitches/tones because different sound waves trigger activity at different places on the basilar membrane in the cochlea.
Frequency Theory: as pitch rises, the entire basilar membrane vibrates at that frequency. The brain interprets pitch based on the frequency of neural impulses travelling up the auditory nerve.
Transduction is the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, sound, chemicals, etc., into neural activity. Sound is transduced through _________. Vision is transduced through __________.
Smell is transduced through ____________. Touch is transduced through ____________. Taste is transduced through ____________.
sound waves
light waves
gas molecules
physical contact (receptors in the skin)
food we ingest (receptors on the tongue)
Name 5 Gestalt Principles of perception:
figure-ground
closure
continuity
connectedness
proximity
similarity