Pompeii/Herculaneum
Which volcano destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum in AD 79?
Mount Vesuvius
What was the name of the enslaved people who worked Spartan land?
Helots
Which pharaoh built the Colossi of Memnon?
Amenhotep III
What was Akhenaten’s original name?
Amenhotep IV
What is a secondary source?
Work written after the period by later historians
Name one method archaeologists use to study human remains from Pompeii.
Plaster casts / CT scans
What was the role of the ephors in Spartan government?
Five officials who oversaw laws, education, and checked kings
Name one of Ramesses II’s major building projects.
Abu Simbel / Ramesseum
What god did Akhenaten elevate above all others?
Aten
What does the directive “explain” ask you to do?
Give reasons and show relationships
What is one limitation of ancient written sources about the eruption?
Bias, incomplete, only elite perspectives
What was the agoge?
The state-run education and military training system for boys
What was the purpose of the Amarna Letters?
Diplomatic correspondence with foreign rulers
How did Akhenaten change Egyptian art?
Introduced Amarna style — naturalistic, elongated figures
Name two ways to test the usefulness of a source.
Compare to other evidence, consider purpose, audience, bias
What evidence do houses like the House of the Faun reveal about social status?
Wealth displayed through mosaics, size, design
How did the Great Rhetra shape Spartan society?
Created dual kingship, Gerousia, and Assembly — foundation of Spartan constitution
What was the significance of the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)?
Led to first recorded peace treaty between Egypt and Hittites
What is one piece of evidence historians use to debate Akhenaten’s role as a religious revolutionary?
Boundary stelae, Hymn to the Aten, temples at Amarna
What is meant by “historical context”?
The time, place, and circumstances in which evidence was created
Assess one strength and one limitation of using graffiti as evidence.
Strength: voices of ordinary people; Limitation: fragmentary, biased, anonymous
Explain one cause of Sparta’s defeat at the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC).
Declining population, over-reliance on helots, Theban tactics, weakened after Peloponnesian War
Assess the role of Amenhotep III in developing Egypt’s international diplomacy.
Used marriage alliances, wealth, diplomacy, not war
Assess Akhenaten’s legacy: was he a visionary or a heretic?
Visionary: challenged tradition, promoted Atenism; Heretic: undermined stability, erased after death
Why is it important to use both archaeological and written sources?
They complement each other, provide fuller understanding, balance strengths/weaknesses