Heredity
The physical expression of a genotype.
What is a phenotype?
A permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.
What is mutation?
A non-cellular infectious agent, like influenza or HIV, that can only replicate inside a host cell.
What is a virus?
This type of disease, such as cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes, cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
What is a non-infectious disease?
In an experiment, this is the variable that the scientist changes or manipulates.
What is the independent variable?
This process, which occurs during Meiosis I, involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increases genetic variation.
What is crossing over?
A point mutation that results in a premature stop codon, truncating the polypeptide chain.
What is a nonsense mutation?
This is the body's third line of defence, which is characterised by specificity and memory, involving B and T lymphocytes.
What is adaptive immunity?
The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis, which can lead to conditions like Down syndrome (Trisomy 21).
What is non-disjunction?
The three key criteria used to judge the quality of an experiment: validity, reliability, and this.
What is accuracy?
The predicted phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross between two parents who are heterozygous.
What is 1:2:1?
This biotechnology process uses a thermal cycler to rapidly amplify a specific segment of DNA.
What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
The process where introducing antigens from a pathogen stimulates the production of memory cells, enabling a faster and stronger response to future infection.
What is immunisation?
An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
The net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
What is osmosis?
This inheritance pattern occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, such as in shorthorn cattle.
What is co-dominance?
A mutation that is non-heritable.
What is somatic mutation?
The term for a widespread disease in a community, and the term for when that outbreak spreads across multiple continents.
What are an epidemic and a pandemic?
The scientific study that analyses large population data to find statistical links between environmental factors and the incidence of a disease.
What is epidemiology?
The cell division process that produces two identical diploid cells, and the process that produces four unique haploid cells.
What are mitosis and meiosis?
A method where the exact nucleotide sequence of an allele is found.
What is using DNA sequencing?
The process where a random event changes allele frequencies in a population.
The classic experiment that demonstrates that microbes in a sterile broth came from pre-existing microbes in the air.
What is Pasteur's swan-neck flask?
A device that bypasses the need for conduction of sound waves to restore hearing.
What is a cochlear implant?
The two processes that fungus use to reproduce.
What is budding and spores?