Definitions
Define soft tissue injuries
Injuries are classified as soft tissue injuries if they occur to soft tissue in the body. Soft tissue includes all muscles, ligaments, tendons, skin, organs etc.
What is TOTAPS?
Talk, Observe, Touch, Active movement, Passive movement, Skills test
What is anaemia?
Anaemia is a condition in which there is an abnormally low level of haemoglobin, resulting in less oxygen being available to tissues.
Identify the 4 dash points from the dot point on physical preparation (Must be accurate to the syllabus)
- Pre-screening
- Skill and technique
- Physical fitness
- Warm-up stretching and cooldown
What are the four rehabilitation procedures listed in the syllabus
- Graduated exercise
- Progressive mobilisation
- Use of heat and cold
- Training
Define convection
Convection is the transfer of heat away from the skin by a moving fluid such as an air current.
Provide an example of an direct and indirect injury
Direct - A rugby league player's head colliding with another player in a tackle causing a head injury.
Indirect - ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) sprain, pulled hamstring as a result of a 100m run.
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?
Persistent cough, irrespective of the sound it makes, Wheezing → high pitch whistling sound made by narrowing of airways
Breathing difficulties → sometimes the signs of airways tightening do not result in any sounds (silent asthma) we are familiar with such as wheezing and coughing
Tightening of chest/Chest pain
Describe 3 modified sports that promote the safety and wellbeing of young athletes
Answer must be justifiable, examples include:
- Netball being played on grass for younger age groups
- Cricket age bowling restrictions
How does the application of cold help an injury?
Ice is a vaso-constrictor
Decreases inflammation and swelling
Decreases blood flow to the area
Define thermoregulation
Thermoregulation refers to the maintenance of a stable core body temperature. Thermoregulation is vital for every athlete as maintaining a safe body temperature avoids conditions such as hyperthermia and hypothermia.
Distinguish the difference between tendons and ligaments
Tendons - Bone to muscle
Ligaments - Bone to bone
What are the most common overuse injuries (three)
- Shin splints
- Stress fractures
- Tendonitis (tennis or golfers elbow)
Describe the four mechanisms that the body uses to lose heat
Convection → Convection is the transfer of heat away from the skin by a moving fluid such as an air current.
Conduction → Conduction is the transfer of heat from a body to an object by contact.
Radiation → Radiation refers to loss of heat in the form of infrared rays.
Evaporation → Evaporation refers to heat loss through sweating.
What are the five indicators of readiness?
Pain free
Elasticity
Strength
Mobility
Balance
Define atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
Outline and explain the procedure used for the management of soft tissue injuries
RICER
Why are women more susceptible to osteoporosis?
When women reach menopause, oestrogen levels decline. Oestrogen levels affect calcium absorption in the bones. Not enough calcium in the bones will cause them to deteriorate, leading to osteoporosis.
Describe the effect of 3 different climatic conditions
Temperature → hot temperature can lead to the development of hyperthermia/cold temperatures can lead to the development of hypothermia
Humidity → moist environment does not allow evaporation to occur at its usual rate, which can lead to an athlete developing hyperthermia
Wind → Wind further increases the heat loss through convection and places the athlete at greater risk of hypothermia/wind chill.
Rain → Rain can affect visibility and this has the potential to impact on safety, e.g, make grounds slippery. Rain increases the heat lost through convection as water moves across the surface of the skin.
Altitude → as altitude increases temperature decreases, this can lead to the development of hypothermia. Increased altitudes indicate lower levels of oxygen, which can lead to hypoxia.
Pollution → Pollution increases airway resistance, causing irritation to the upper respiratory tract and reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood
What is a real life example of a return to play policy?
Answer must be justifiable. Examples can include:
- NRL return to play policy
- Netball Concussion policy
Define proprioception
Your body’s awareness of where a limb is in space
In detail, describe the body’s inflammatory response
When soft tissue is injured, it becomes inflamed but responds by activating a self healing process.
Phase 1: Acute Inflammatory Stage - Pain, redness, and swelling around the injured area, Loss of function and mobility, Damage to cells and surrounding tissues, Increased blood flow to the area.
Phase 2: Repair and Regenerative Stage (may last from three days to six weeks) - The elimination of debris, The formation of new fibres, Production of scar tissue.
Phase 3: Remodelling Stage (can last from six weeks to many months), Increased production of scar tissue, Replacement tissue that needs to strengthen and develop in the direction that the force is applied.
How can diabetes affect children’s participation in sport?
Diabetes is a medical condition that relates to the glucose levels in blood, which affects sports engagement because glucose is also an important energy source for ATP production during sport participation. As a child or young athlete participates in sport, their muscle cells are opened for glucose transport without the need for insulin. This results in a decrease in blood glucose, which can become problematic for children and young athletes who have diabetes. If glucose levels are too low it can lead to a hypoglycaemic episode, but if they are too high it can cause a hypoglycemic episode. Both of these can lead to loss of consciousness and death.
What are the four stages of a warm up?
General body warm-up
Stretching
Callisthenics
Skill rehearsal
Why is the use of painkillers seen as unethical?
Painkillers can mask pain (the body's response to an injury) which is dangerous as it can lead to the athlete re-injuring themselves or worsening their injury.
The use of opioids (narcotics) such as morphine, codeine, etc, can lead to addiction.