FQ 1
what is a hard tissue injury
Those that occur to bones and teeth, the hard tissue of the body.
Identify the 3 groups we studied.
Female Athletes
Aged Athletes
Children & Young athletes
identify the 4 dash points of physical preparation
pre screening
skill and technique
Physical Fitness
warm up, cool down,
what is the purpose of rehabilitation?
to get the athlete back to or as close to pre injury state
How do you manage a hard tissue injury?
Immobilisation
Outline the 5 ways used to classify injuries. Provide an example for each.
Direct - caused by an external force or blow. Eg. contusion from being hit with a ball.
Indirect - caused by internal forces built up by the actions of the athlete. Eg. torn hamstring.
Overuse - caused by repetitive and excessive forces being placed on the athlete. Eg. shin splints.
Soft-tissue - injuries that occur to body structures, other than bones & teeth. Eg. blisters, tears, strains.
Hard-tissue - injuries that occur to bones and teeth. Eg. fractures
Outline the specific sports medicine issues related to adult and aged athletes.
Must be as per the syllabus!
Heart conditions
Fractures/bone density
Flexibility/joint mobility
Describe 2 modified sports that promote the safety and wellbeing of young athletes.
Eg. Netta netball, Kanga or Milo cricket, Mod league
Outline 2 indicators of readiness to return to play.
From:
- pain free
- range of motion
Why are females more at risk of fractures?
they are more likely to not consume appropriate amounts of calcium and other minerals needed for skeletal health. Decreased Oestrogen levels also lead to lower mineral counts in bones.
Outline the procedure used for the management of soft-tissue injuries.
Rest - remove player from game, should remain relatively inactive for first 48-72 hours post-injury.
Ice - applied using a damp towel, 20 minutes every 2 hours for the first 48-72 hours.
Compression - firmly apply a wide elastic bandage over the site to reduce swelling.
Elevation - raise injured site above level of the heart to reduce blood flow and pressure to injured site.
Referral - seek professional assistance asap to determine the full extent of the injury and commence appropriate rehabilitation.
Explain why thermoregulation is more important issue for children and young athletes.
Outline preventative actions.
Causes - relatively large surface area to body mass (when compared to adults), less developed sweat glands, less muscular development.
Effect - more prone to extremes of temperature (both hot & cold). More likely to become overheated and suffer heat stress.
Management - small, frequent amounts of water, appropriate clothing, use shade where available
Describe a sports policy that protects the safety and wellbeing of athletes.
eg. Extreme Heat Policy - Australian Open tennis
Outline the steps involved in graduated exercise.
Stretching - use of PNF to increase range of movement, reduce muscle tension.
Conditioning - restoring strength & conditioning to the injured site
Total Body Fitness - regaining pre-injury level of mental & physical fitness.
Explain the disadvantages of Taping & Bandaging?
Over reliance
If not applied correctly it does not work
Bandaging can not be used to tape an injury
Can mask pain
In detail, describe the body's Inflammatory Response.
Phase one, the inflammatory stage is characterised by pain, increase blood flow to the area redness, heat, swelling, loss of function
Phase two, the repair stage is characterised by formation of new fibres and the production of scar tissue.
Phase three, the remodelling stage is characterised by increased production of scar tissue and replace of tissue that needs to be strengthened
Explain the impact of iron deficiency on female athletes.
ID is more common in female athletes because of lack of iron in diet + menstruation as the female athlete bleeds and loses iron. ID means you aren’t efficient in oxygenation of your body’s tissues = fatigue quicker during physical activity.
What are fluid guidelines and why are they important in temperature regulation?
400ml 4 hours before sport, 200ml in the 1 hour before, 200ml every 15 minutes. This is vital to provide the body with more fluids which promotes evaporation which is highly effective in cooling the body down.
After sport, 1.5 Litres per kilo of body weight lost. This is vital to replenish lost body fluids, maintain temperature and prevent dehydration.
Explain whether pain killers should be allowed in sport. Provide examples.
What are benefits of Taping & Bandaging
Strengthens area
Provides Support (EG - Provides extra support to the wrist when making tackles and catching in rugby)
Restricts movement (EG - While landing in netball will reduce rotation of the ankle)
With a partner, demonstrate the procedure used in the assessment of injuries.
Justify what you are doing in each step.
Talk - ask questions (how did it happen? what did you feel/hear? What type of pain is it? etc.)
Observe - look for deformity, redness, swelling
Touch - ask first, start away from site and move in, looking for actual site and athlete's degree of discomfort.
Active Movement - athlete to move. Looking for ROM and degree of pain/discomfort.
Passive Movement - trainer to assist movement. Looking for degree of pain-free movement.
Skills Test - using movements similar to the activity.
Recommend specific forms of activity for each of the health concerns related to aged and older athletes.
Justify these activities.
Heart conditions - aerobic exercise such as walking, cycling & swimming. Progression should be gradual. Benefits include reducing hypertension (blood pressure), lower heart rate, strengthening heart muscle.
Fractures & bone density - low impact activities, light resistance training. These activities will increase bone mass and makes bones stronger.
Flexibility & joint mobility - yoga, tai chi, aqua aerobics. Helps to improve elasticity of tendons, ligaments & muscles.
Examine the four mechanisms that the body uses for losing heat.
Convection - transfer of heat away from the body by a moving fluid, eg. air current. For example, a runner losing heat to surrounding air. Accounts for small amount of heat loss (approx 10%).
Radiation - heat loss in the form of infra-red rays. Our body heats up during exercise & much of this heat is radiated out into the atmosphere. Accounts for most heat loss whilst at rest (approx 60%).
Conduction - transfer of heat through contact with an object. Eg. when applying an ice pack or feet contacting the ground. Only accounts for minimal amount of heat loss.
Evaporation - the loss of heat through sweating. Major form of heat loss during endurance events (up to 80%)
Explain all dash points from "return to play"
- indicators of readiness to return to play
- pre and post test
- warm up procedures
- psychological readiness
- policies and procedures
- ethical considerations
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