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Exam 3
Exam 3
Exam 3
Exam 3
Exam 3
100
-Acidic form of precipitation -Caused by sulfer dioxide and nitrogen oxides being released into the environment -primary sources are coal burning plants and motor vehicles
What is acid deposition
100
-leach nutrients in the ground -kill nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that nourish plants -kill fish -release toxic metals
What is the effects of acid rain
100
-fuel switching: switch from coal to methane -coal washing:coal is full of sulfer -scrubbers: scrubbing sulfer out of coal and smoke -fluidized bed consumption: burn coal with sand and lime -reduced consumption of electric: best solution
What is acid rain controls
100
-suns rays strike the earth and some are converted to infrared radiation that is transmitted back into outer space. -some of the infrared is absorbed by greenhouse gases insulating the earth -more accumulations of greenhouse gases delays the release of infrared to outer space, leading to global warming
What is greenhouse effect
100
-carbon dioxide -water vapor -methane -nitrous oxide -CFCs
What is Greenhouse gases
200
-diminishing crop yields -loss of biodiversity ex: polar bear -rising sea levels -human illness
What is global warming
200
-1997, 161 nations met to discuss global warming. required developed countries to cut greenhouse emissions -5% exempted developing countries. in 2001, president bush reversed his commitment to reducing emissions.
What is Kyoto Protocal
200
walk, bike, use bus, or recycle
What is feasible alternatives to address global warming concerns
200
-ozone is generated in the stratosphere by the action of UV on oxygen -most UV is absorbed by the ozone layer -unabsorbed UV can cause skin damage, cataracts, and cause harm to plants and aquatic organisms
What is the ozone layer
200
-as CFCs are released into the sky, chlorine and bromine atoms convert ozone into oxygen, thus reducing the amount of ozone in the atmosphere -this allows more UV to penetrate to earth -this causes health effects , damages crops and causes more smog
What is the effects of the destruction of the ozone
300
-skin cancer -premature skin aging -eye damaging -mutations
What is UV health effects
300
-evidence has proven a direct link between ozone layer destruction and CFC emissions -ozone loss continues, but situation has stabilized because of Montreal Protocol
What is the problem with the "hole in the sky"
300
-aimed at controlling the chemicals most responsible for ozone layer depletion -mostly dealt with CFC reduction, halt CFCs entirely by 1999
What is the policy response-montreal protocol
300
-PRIMARY: produced by natural, stationary and non-stationary sources. coming out of smoke stacks going up to the atmosphere -SECONDARY: once they get into the air, they may change (combineor break down). Bad ozone and smog. acid rain.
What is Difference between primary and secondary pollutants
300
stationary
What is the source of air pollutants that is easiest to control
400
-layer of warm air trapped between 2 layers of cold air -this prevents the warm air from rising and results in the accumulation of pollutants near the ground -pollution can continue to accumulate unless the sun breaks through the cloud co0ver or winds disperse the pollutants
What is inversion
400
-set levels of air pollutants that are okay -protect environmental and human health
What is ambient air sources
400
-INDUSTRIAL: an irritating, gravish mixture of soot, sulfurous compounds and water vapor. EX: burning coal -PHOTOCHEMICAL: brownish haze generated by cars and trucks
What is two kinds of smog
400
-sulfer oxides -carbon monoxide -nitrogen oxides -VBOCs -suspended particulates -Lead & mercury -Air toxics & radon
What is some of the air pollutants
400
-sulfur dioxide is mainly produced from burning fuel, especially coal for electricity generation -particulate matter sources are split between burning fuels, dust from agriculture & construction, and factory emissions -volatile organic compounds come primarily from factory emissions and transportation -nitrogen oxides come primarily from fuel burning and transportation -carbon monoxide comes primarily from transportation
What is the major sources of pollution emissions in the US
500
-chronic ex: carcinogenic (cancer causing) -Acute (irrigation or asthmatic causing)
What is the effects of air pollution on humans
500
-plants are very sensitive to gaseous air pollutants (more sothan humans) plants are mostly effected by exposure to ozone and other photochemical oxidants -plant damage can occur directly when pollutants destroy leavesor tree bark or indirectly when toxic substances enter the soil, destroying roots and soil microorganisms
What is effects of air pollution on the environment
500
-an industry is allowed to pollute a certain amount based on past performance -if they produce less than the stated amount of pollution,they get a credit that can be sold to another company
What is pollution credits (also called "cap and trade"
500
-industries spend money to reduce smoke stack emission, since these credits can be sold -so, less money spent on environmental enforcement; more is spent on prevention
What is benefits of pollution credits
500
-they can move pollution from one location to another -in some areas the pollution may cause more harm than others -for this approach to work, the air standards must continue to be tightened
What is the concerns of the pollution credits