Marxist Paradigm
In Marxist theory, this is why business owners make a profit even though workers are doing the labour.
What is workers create more value than they’re paid?
Social identity markers (man, woman, nonbinary person, neurotypical, neurodivergent, disabled, etc.) do not exist independently of each other; each informs the others, creating a complex convergence of oppressions and privileges.
What is intersectionality?
The oppression of a historically marginalised group to the advantage of another as perpetuated by inequity within interconnected systems (i.e. political, economic, and social systems)
What is systemic oppression?
Rules and expectations that guide behaviour in a society or group. They shape how people act, interact, and understand what is considered acceptable or unacceptable.
What are norms?
From a Marxist perspective, this is why public health, education, and the environment are often neglected in capitalist systems.
What is the prioritisation of profit over people?
Freeing individuals and groups from unjust social, political, and economic systems by exposing and challenging power structures.
What is emancipation?
A political system or ideology where power is centralised, dissent is suppressed, and individual freedoms are limited by the government.
What is authoritarianism?
This is why scholars and activists emphasise reflecting on your own identity and experiences before analysing social issues.
What is because your position shapes what you notice, understand, and may unintentionally ignore?
OR
What is because your position shapes your worldview and biases?
The bourgeoisie expanded their wealth through this.
What is colonisation?/ What is colonialism?
DOUBLE POINTS!!!
The four key elements of political aestheticization are use of spectacle, manipulation of emotions, iconography and propaganda, and focusing on myths. Give a modern example of each.
Open ended
Spectacle: parades, marches, grand performances
Manipulation of emotions: Appeals to fear, anger, anxieties through speeches, slogans, etc.
Iconography and propaganda: posters, films, social media, etc.
Myths: idealised past or future, promoting a narrative of national rebirth, strength, and unity
This socialisation causes a group to see themselves as naturally superior to the relationally minoritised group and more deserving of their superior positions and the resources of society.
What is internalised dominance?
W.E.B Du Bois posits that Black people must navigate two conflicting identities: their identity as individuals, with their unique thoughts, feelings, and aspirations and the identity imposed by society, which is primarily defined by their race.
What is double consciousness?
The difference between private and personal property according to Marx and Engels.
Private property refers to the means of production owned by individuals or corporations and operated for profit. Personal property pertains to goods owned by individuals for personal use.
This is the risk when art and entertainment are mass-produced like factory goods and sold to audiences who passively consume them.
What is that it discourages critical thinking, creativity, and individuality?
Maintenance of domination primarily through consensual social practices, social forms, and social structures produced and reproduced in within institutions.
What is cultural hegemony?
Give two examples of mass culture
popstars, blockbuster films, Netflix shows, Spotify playlists, social media apps, major news networks...
The culture industry produces a distorted perception of reality that aligns people's desires and beliefs with the interests of those in power. Instead of questioning systemic inequalities, people internalise them.
What is false consciousness?
The definition of neoliberalism.
What is a political and economic philosophy that emphasises free markets, privatisation, deregulation, and reduced government spending?
The term for working to increase people's knowledge of and interest in social and political matters AND an example of it.
What is consciousness raising?
Examples (open ended):
-MeToo Movement
-BLM
-Sharing personal experiences within a community, connecting them to broader socio-political struggles.
The definition of propaganda.
What is the dissemination of information (facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies) to influence public opinion.