ANTHROPOLOGY
What is sociolinguistics?
The study of how language use changes in different contexts (status differences, formality, etc), such as choosing different words when talking to a teacher versus a friend.
Which theory in anthropology argues that gender roles are a social construct?
Feminist Anthropology
What is learned helplessness?
When an individual thinks they have no control to change a situation due to past experience with failure or trauma, even when they do have control over the situation.
Both humans and animals are susceptible to learned helpnessenss.
What experiment is Martin Seligman infamous for?
Learned Helplessness
Primary socialization is the initial stage of the socialization process, responsible for teaching an individual the basic skills needed to survive in their society. For example, your family teaching you how to hold a fork.
What aspect of the course does the Fattening Room case study illustrate? How?
Cultural relativity – that our beliefs and values (in this case, standards of beauty) vary from one culture to another.
Which theory says that the point of marriage is to produce children, have access to a sexual partner, and provide economic support?
Functionalism
Which social scientist noticed that children of the same age tended to make the same mistakes, and so became the father of developmental psychology?
Jean Piaget
Conclusion: Children's brains develop over time.
Which theory can be summed up as ‘carrot and stick’?
Operant Conditioning
What is secondary socialization? Give an example.
Secondary socialization is the process of learning how to behave appropriately in group situations beyond the family, such as at school, at work, or in places of worship.
School: Students learn a "hidden curriculum" that includes internalizing behaviors like punctuality, teamwork, and obedience.
What aspect of the course does the Cargo Cults case study teach us? How?
Cultural Materialism – that technology can shape a culture.
His pioneering voyage to South America resulted in the observation that animals lived or died depending on whether they were successful at gaining foods and mates.
Charles Darwin.
Why are Carl Jung's and Sigmund Freud's ideas not studied much in Psychology today?
Their ideas are untestable.
Which theory is behind the idea of Carl Jung’s Archetypes?
The collective unconscious
Which sociological perspective says "conflict comes from having different filters for reality."
Symbolic interactionism.
Why is the Yanomamo study criticized?
The researcher (Napoleon Chagnon) was intervening in the culture while he studied it! He gave them rewards for being violent and then called them the "savage people" which they did not know.
Which linguistic anthropologist came up with the theory that both brain development and social interaction was needed for language acquisition, aka interactionalism?
Lev Vygotsky
Which theory argues that we cannot self-actualize until we are safe and well-fed?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (humanistic psychology).
Which theory was Alfred Bandura testing when he asked children to watch adults hitting Bobo Dolls?
Social Learning Theory (or Observational Learning)
which sociological perspective says, "everything in society is about power."? Who came up with this perspective?
Conflict theory
Karl Marx
Does Universal Grammar support nature or nurture? Why?
Nature
It says that human brains are designed to acquire syntax and grammar (LAD).
How does Behaviourism claim humans acquire language?
We associate words and phrases with effects (rewards), so we do it again.
Explain Pavlov's dog experiment using terminology we learned in class.
Pavlov’s dog experiment shows classical conditioning: learning when an organism forms an association between two stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): food
Unconditioned response (UCR): salivation to food (automatic/reflex)
Pavlov repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus (NS) (e.g., a bell/metronome) with the UCS (food). Over time, the dog learned the association, so:
The NS became a conditioned stimulus (CS) (the bell)
The dog showed a conditioned response (CR): salivating to the bell even without food
What is the ideal outcome of Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
Secure Attachment (between child and parent)
Which sociological perspective is criticized for being too positive about society?
What's the big idea of this theory?
Structural Functionalism. The big idea is that every aspect of society like our social institutions have a function and they work together to create social stability.