Religion
Saul, David & Solomon
The Three Kings of Isreal. Saul and his successor, David, eventually overthrew their oppressors—the Philistines and other nations that controlled parts of Israel. David also stretched the limits of Israel’s power to include much of the Middle East. Under Solomon, David’s successor, Israel reached the zenith of its power and wealth.
Heraclius
The Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas. Heraclius's reign was marked by several military campaigns.
Enkidu
Enkidu is a bold and strong man who was made by the gods to be Gilgamesh's equal in strength. Living in the wild, Enkidu has a simple life and lives at peace with the wild animals. It's only after he sleeps with Shamhat that Enkidu becomes “civilized” and loses his innocence.
Theodosius
Theodosius I, also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two civil wars, and was instrumental in establishing the creed of Nicaea as the doctrine for Christianity.
Karma, Dharma, and Atman
karma: Karma (sum of good and bad deeds)
dharma: Dharma (moral duty), Everyone has dharma, As far as history knows, these dharmas are initially orally translated
atman: (the eternal being that exists in all creatures), The individual’s atman is reincarnated into other living beings, Notion of the individual being a large part of the universe
Shihuangdi
Qin Shi Huang was the founder of the Qin dynasty and the first emperor of a unified China. Rather than maintain the title of "king" borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty from 221 to 210 BC.
Pericles
Pericles (c. 495-429 BCE) Known for ushering in a radical democracy/empire for the time.
Coloniae and Municipia
A municipium was the second-highest rank of Roman city, following after colonia. Each colonia was governed by an ordo (council), under the control of four annually elected magistrates.
Varnas
Social classes within a hierarchical caste system.
Prescribes occupations and suites or dharma. Brahmin (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (merchants), Shudra (peasants & laborers)
Aristotle
Aristotle (384-322) Represents logic and syllogism (a form of reasoning).
The doctrine of Causes: material, formal (that which gives cause to matter), efficient, and final. He says that human beings do not fulfill their ultimate purpose if you are very individualistic (living by your lonesome)
Alexander the Great
Continues his father’s plan, Invades the Persian Empire, 334, Battle of Gaugamela, 331 BCE, Army goes all the way to India. He achieves all and more of what his father wanted, Becomes the Great King of the Persians, He was not satisfied with just conquering the Persian empire; he wanted to conquer the globe, and decided he was some form of a God.
Octavian
Caesar Augustus, also known as Octavian, was officially the first Roman emperor who reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history.
The Five Pillars of Islam
Shahada: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
Zakat (charitable giving)
Ramadan (fasting during saum, or Ramadan)
Salat (prayer 5x a day)
Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca and new role of Kabah)
Cyrus the Great
Conquers and incorporates Medes to the north. Conquers Mesopotamia, central Anatolia (Lydia) and Levant to the west. Begins to gain control over Parthia and Bactria to the east.Creates the largest empire the world had yet seen
Mycenaeans
Named by moderns for town of Mycenae. Created several heavily fortified towns. Evidence of each being ruled by a king, Heavy cultural borrowing from Minoans (we have zero ideas what language the Minoans spoke). Expressed an early form of Greek. Mycenaeans invade and dominate Crete, c. 1450-1350 BCE
Tetrachy
System instituted by Diocletian’s government
The Four Noble Truths
They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.
Hittites
Anatolian people’s establishing initial first Kingdoms in Nesha Kingdom
Constantine V
Byzantine Emperor from 741-745. Attacked the use of images in Christian worship (“iconoclasm” the breaking of images) He was very against using images within Christianity.
Corpus Iuris Civilis
Emperor Justinian (r. 527-65) and Empress Theodora (d. 548): Reforms Roman Law