Introduction to human and animal physiology
One molecule of glucose in the body breaks down to form two molecules of pyruvate.
What characteristic of living organisms is this?
Metabolism
Mention two types of spontaneous/passive transport
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
The nervous system acts to coordinate functions of all body systems by releasing a substance called?
Neurotransmitter
What is the smallest structure of the skeletal muscle?
Actin filament
Conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal environment changes is the definition of?
Sensation
TRUE or FALSE
The sternum is posterior to the heart
FALSE
What is a channel protein?
A transmembrane protein that forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.
Hormones work in the body through two mechanisms which are?
Circulating and local hormones (paracrine and autocrine)
What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction and relaxation?
Unmasking the actin filament
What is the type of receptors that detect light that strikes the retina of the eye?
Photoreceptor
Upon the appearance of fat in the duodenum, the gallbladder releases bile into the gastrointestinal tract.
What characteristic of living organisms is this?
Responsiveness
This type of cell junctions prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.
Desmosome
Draw and label the structure of a neuron cell.
It must include the dendrites, body cells, nucleus, axon, and terminal axon
Mention three differences of smooth muscle from skeletal muscle
Not striated, does not have T Tubules, does not have troponin and tropomyosin, contraction is caused by the phosphorylation of myosin light chain, and it has a rhythmic pacemaker activity
What is the function of utricle?
It is part of the otolith organs that functions to detect horizontal movement, such as when the body leans to the back side during car movement
What is a coronal plane?
A plan that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Explain the division of the body fluid compartments and the membrane that separates the compartments
The body fluid compartments consist of the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial and intravascular compartments. The plasma membrane of individual cells separates the ICF from the surrounding interstitial fluids. The blood vessel walls, divide the interstitial fluids from blood plasma.
Draw the diagram of the organization of the nervous system.
It must include the CNS, PNS, sensory inputs, motor outputs, and the sensory and motor subdivisions.
Explain the cross-bridge cycling mechanism of the skeletal muscle
1.Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and oriented.
2.Myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge.
3.Myosin head pivots, pulling
the thin filament past the thick
filament toward center of the
sarcomere (power stroke).
4.As myosin head binds ATP, the cross-bridge detaches from actin.
In five seconds, mention five modalities of the somatic sensations
Tactile sensations, Thermal sensations, Pain sensations, Proprioceptive sensations, and Visceral senses
In five seconds, name five organs/components involved in the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and the special senses (e.g., eyes, ears, nose, tongue)
Explain and draw (illustrate) the mechanism of primary active transport.
It moves solutes from low to high concentrations by using pumps and requires energy. Example: Sodium-potassium pumps makes the sodium to moves from lower (in the ICF) to higher concentrations (in the ECF) to maintain intracellular concentration of sodium ions.
Explain the mechanism of action of hormone insulin on the target cells.
1. Insulin binds to receptors that protrude from the target cell surface (the first messenger).
2.The first messenger binds to its receptor at the exterior surface of a target cell’s plasma membrane.
3.Conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP.
4.Cyclic AMP (the second messenger) activates one or more protein kinases.
5.Phosphorylation of cellular protein(s).
6.Production of physiological responses.
7.Inactivation of cAMP.
Explain the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism in the cardiac muscle.
Includes the
DHPR – dihydropyridine
RYR – ryanodine
SR – sarcoplasmic Reticulum
CaATP – calcium ATPase
NCX – sodium-calcium exchanger
PLB - phospholamban
Mention all of the tastants (chemical stimulus) for taste
Sour (H+), Salt (Na+), Sweet (sugars), Bitter (plant alkaloids), Umami (glutamate)