Skeletal System
What hard, living tissue forms the framework of the body and protects internal organs?
Bones
What organ pumps blood through the circulatory system?
Heart
What type of muscle is attached to bones and helps the body move voluntarily?
Skeletal muscle
What is the basic cell of the nervous system called?
Neuron
What organ stores and mechanically breaks down food and begins digestion?
Name the long bone in the upper arm.
Humerus
What blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?
Arteries
What is the name of the large muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and helps with breathing?
Diaphragm
Which part of the nervous system controls voluntary actions and senses (brain and spinal cord or peripheral nerves)?
Peripheral nervous system controls voluntary sensory/motor pathways; however voluntary actions and processing of senses are coordinated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Which organ produces bile to help break down fats?
Liver (bile is stored in the gallbladder)
What joint type allows for rotation, such as the joint between the first and second vertebrae in the neck?
Tendons
Which component of blood carries oxygen?
Red blood cells
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
What structure carries signals away from the neuron cell body to other cells?
Axon
Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive tract?
Small intestine (especially the jejunum and ileum)
Identify the muscle type found in the walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
Name the tiny blood vessels where exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues occurs.
Capillaries
Identify the muscle type found in the walls of the heart
Cardiac muscle
Name the part of the brain responsible for coordinating balance and movement
Cerebellum
What is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach called?
Esophagus
Describe how muscles generate force at the cellular level in one sentence (mention muscle fiber contraction
Muscle fibers contract when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other using ATP, shortening the fiber and generating force.
Describe the path of blood through the heart starting from the body (brief steps)
Deoxygenated blood returns from the body via the superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries to the lungs → after oxygenation returns via pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta to the body.
Describe how muscles generate force at the cellular level in one sentence (mention muscle fiber contraction)
Muscle fibers contract when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other using ATP, shortening the fiber and generating force.
Explain how a reflex arc works in one or two sentences (include sensory receptor, spinal cord, and motor response).
A sensory receptor detects a stimulus and sends a signal via a sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where an interneuron (or direct synapse) triggers a motor neuron that produces a fast, automatic response in a muscle.
Briefly explain the role of enzymes in digestion (one or two sentences)
Enzymes break down large food molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) into smaller molecules the body can absorb