Development
What is human development?
The study of physical, cognitive, and social-emotional changes across the lifespan.
Who created the Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
What are Freud’s three parts of personality?
Id, Ego, and Superego
Name one stage of prenatal development.
Germinal, Embryonic, or Fetal
What is a teratogen?
A substance that can harm a developing fetus
What is the difference between physical and cognitive development?
Physical development involves body and brain changes; cognitive development involves thinking and learning.
Who developed psychosocial stages across the lifespan?
Erik Erikson
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
Tasks a child can do with guidance but not independently
What is one physical change during adolescence?
Brain development or puberty-related changes
How can genes influence addiction?
Genetics can increase susceptibility to addiction.
What are gross motor skills?
Skills that use large muscle groups like walking or jumping.
Who introduced schemas, assimilation, and accommodation?
Jean Piaget
What is Maslow’s correct order of needs?
Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization
What is presbyopia?
Age-related difficulty seeing close objects
What is the difference between risk and protective factors?
Risk factors increase harm; protective factors reduce harm.
What do cephalocaudal and proximodistal development describe?
Patterns of growth from head to toe and from the center of the body outward.
Who developed the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Lev Vygotsky
What is emotional intimacy?
A close emotional bond built on trust, communication, and vulnerability
What is one social or academic characteristic common during the school-age years?
Increased peer relationships, improved problem-solving, or growing independence
What is the “social clock”?
Societal expectations for the timing of life events.
What is the Apgar Scale used for?
To assess a newborn’s health immediately after birth.
Who focused on attachment theory?
John Bowlby (and Mary Ainsworth)
What does Kohlberg’s theory explain?
Moral development
What age range is considered middle adulthood?
Approximately ages 40–65.
How can understanding ZPD help prevent child abuse or neglect?
It promotes realistic expectations of children’s abilities.