Unit 1
Define what a "systemic theory" is
Systemic theories are those that explore the interactions of people with their environments.
What is synaptic pruning?
Synaptic pruning is the process of synapse creation.
Who coined the theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardiner
Name the 4 parenting styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved
What is the last level of need on Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization
What does the cephalocaudal principle state?
The cephalocaudal principle states that development proceeds from the head downward.
Define the "zone of proximal development"
The space between what a learner can do on their own and what they can do with assistance.
What are Mary Ainsworth's 3 attachment styles?
Secure
Ambivalent
Avoidant
Explain the difference between risk factors and protective factors.
A risk factor is a factor that puts an individual at risk for unhealthy development, whether in terms of physical development, emotional, mind or relationships. A protective factor, on the other hand, can reduce the likelihood of unhealthy development, and help to promote healthy development.
Explain the difference between environmental stimulation and deprivation.
Stimulation refers to the encouragement of something in order to make it develop or more active. Deprivation is the opposite of stimulation and is lack of encouragement of something.
Name one principle of Maria Montessori's theory.
Independence
Observation
Following the child
Correcting the child
Prepared environment
Absorbent mind
What is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting?
Authoritarian parents expect obedience and may punish kids instead of helping them find solutions. Authoritative parents offer emotional support and use logical consequences to help kids learn.
What do information-processing theorists compare the human mind to?
A computer
Define brain plasticity.
Brain plasticity is a term used to refer to the brain’s ability to change at any age – for better or for worse. Brain plasticity can also be referred to as neuroplasticity.
What are the 3 facets of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Pre conventional
Conventional
Post conventional
What does secure attachment look like between a parent and a child?
Children who have a 'secure' attachment are generally able to be comforted by their caregivers when distressed and to use their caregiver as what is known as a 'secure base' from which to explore their environment when they are not distressed.
What are the differences between positive and negative punishment and positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement strengthens a behaviour by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding.
Negative reinforcement refers to the removal of an adverse stimulus which is rewarding to the person.
Positive punishment refers to adding a unwanted stimulus which results in a decrease in the given behaviour.
Negative punishment happens when a behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus resulting in a decrease in the unwanted behaviour.
What are 3 factors that affect physical development?
Potential answers:
- Nutrition
- Birth defects
- Prenatal period (ie. mother drinks alcohol while pregnant)
- Illness
- Exercise
- Socio-economic status
List all 8 facets of the theory of multiple intelligences
Visual-spatial, linguistic, mathematical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intra-personal, natural, musical
Explain the difference between ambivalent and avoidant attachment.
Avoidant attachment is characterized by discomfort with intimacy and dependence on others and difficulty trusting others. Anxious/ambivalent attachment is characterized by concerns about rejection and abandonment and strong desires for closeness.