Brain development
From which part of the neural tube does the Cortex come from?
Telencephalon
While Vygotsky sees the individual as a little student/ learner, Piaget believes the individual behaves more like a ___________ through their development stages.
Explorer / Scientist
What did Erickson say about conflicts or challenges in his Psychosocial model of development?
Each stage revolves around a central social conflict which needs to be solved. If the individual fails to overcome the required challenge, this will carry over to the following stages and create difficulties for the future.
What is the difference between continuous and stage models for human development?
Continuous models propose some central factors that influence learning, maturation and skill development, understanding the individual as an ever-changing system that interacts with intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
On the other hand, stage models propose a more structured and direct set of steps which individuals go through as part of "normal" development.
One definition of personality states that it is a construct composed by: (2 components)
Temper: the innate characteristics that influence our basic emotional reactions.
Character: Learned behaviors related to emotional regulation and decision making styles, after years of experience and development.
Which brain structures or functions are related to Piaget´s cognitive development theory?
Visual and spacial networks, as well as sensorial integration in the thalamus is important to develop object permanence.
Mirror neuron networks are key in the development of Theory of Mind and overcoming egocentrism.
The maturation of the prefontal cortex is a major factor for acquiring abstract though.
What is the role of egocentrism and Theory of Mind in Piaget´s Cognitive development model?
In the end of the preoperational stage and the start of the concrete operational stage, the child overcomes egocentrism. This means that they have developed an awareness of other individuals and how these can have different perspectives than them.
Theory of mind is an excecutive function developed since childhood and mastered throughout life. It allows individuals to consider that other people might have their own perspective and interpretation of an event, as well as progressively allowing for deeper understanding of others.
What are some strenghts of stage models?
They allow a semi-universal understanding of human development, setting concrete times and behavioral characteristics for normal comparison.
They often aid in explaining differences in individuals compared to the average.
Since they are often developed through research in specific societies, they can be highly sensitive to identifying key developmental factors in members of such societies.
Scaffolding, according to Vygotsky, refers to:
The continuous process through which a More Knowledgeable Other guides an individual to develop new skills, as allowed by the zone of proximal development.
Understanding personality as a set of interconnected characteristics that allow for adaptation and survival, how does Erickson´s Psychosocial model explain the appearance of maladaptive traits?
This seems to be empty.
Interesting.
Some risk factors that can affect brain development before birth are:
When the parents, particularly the gestating individual:
Drinks alcohol, consumes drugs, has an imbalance in eating habits, experiences constant stress, has less access to health services, has poor support networks, etc.
Jean piaget described schemas as mental constructs that allow us to understand the world as we explore it. They interact with experiences through the processes of:
Assimilation and Accommodation.
Erickson´s model is "Psychosocial" because...
It emphasizes the influence of the environment and the social context on the indivitual.
Vygostky described that there are things the learner can do without aid, and then there are things the learner can do when aided. This last area is known as Z.P.D.
What motivates this expansion can be understood as two components:
Intrinsic motivators (Such as curiosity, self fulfillment and satisfaction) and extrinsic motivators (Being rewarded, social validation)
Bermúdez defined personality as:
A relatively stable organization of ideally functional characteristics.
Why does most of the Neuronal Prunning occur after birth?
Because during the first weeks of life, the first cognitive experiences stimulate specific networks, indicating which connections are necessary due to their stimulation. In time, unnecessary networks (without stimulation) get lost and need to be repurposed to reduce redundancy and optimize neurological resources.
What is the importance of Disequilibrium, according to Piaget´s schemas?
Disequilibrium signals that existing schemas are not suitable to store newly acquired knowledge and a process of accommodation must take place to return to a cognitive equilibrium.
Erick Erikson states in his Psychosocial model of development that young adults face conflicts related to __________, while older, middle-aged adults are more focused on_________
Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation
What are the differences between Privation and Deprivation?
In privation, the individual lacks the presence of a caregiver which would act as a meaningful bond. This causes long lasting problems in development in the form of less stimulation, fewer emotional regulation tools and slower development overall.
While in Deprivation, the significant loss of a meaningful bond such as that of a caregiver causes deep harm, disorganization of attachment styles and problems with trust, regulation and intimacy.
What is the importance of epigenetics in personality?
Interaction with the environment, such as emotionally significant experiences, can trigger the expression of characteristics for which predisposition existed due to innate genetic factors.
These significant reactions influence neurobiological processes and can dictate how an individual experiences emotion, makes decisions and adapts.
How does synaptogenesis take place?
After neurons mature and specialize according to their location in the CNS, they begin generating connections at a large scale and already begin synaptic communication, testing new pathways and evaluating meaningful networks according to the available stimulation.
Describe the key factor of Piaget´s last stage and its importance.
In the formal operations stage, abstract thought is developed and can be used to approach to more complex ideas than just physical/observable objects.
The manipulation of deeper, more abstract and nuanced concepts propel excecutive functions to new levels and promote more complex emotional regulation, deeper and significant learning and a more complete exploration of the world.
What are some limitations of Stage models?
They place constricting expectations on human development in terms of skills, time periods and goals for adaptation, suggesting that those individuals that don´t fall into the expected stages coulld have problems.
Their practicity and attempts at universalisation often bring reductionist ideas into otherwise complex phenomena.
They are often context-dependent and can be used only when the individual belongs to a similar environment.
What is the importance of peers and socialization in school years?
Interaction with peers at a school age brings changes to the individual since it provides new significant bonds and exposition to new experiences. It allows further development of cognitive and psychosocial skills as well as competition, play and even deeper awareness through comparison.
The diathesis-stress model states that significant mental health conditions such as disorders are the result of pre-existing biological vulnerabilities and environmental triggers.