Physical Development
What is a zygote?
from conception to two weeks
What are reflexes?
simple blocks of cognition that help infants to adapt
In this substage, the child is motivated by fear.
Substage 1: Obedience and Punishment
What dilemma do infants (0-1.5) face in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Trust vs. Mistrust
What does ZPD stand for?
Zone of Proximal Development
What happens during the first trimester?
the development of the central nervous system
What are schema?
reflexes categorized into schema in the same way that a computer organizes data
In this substage, the child is concerned with what others think and conforms in order to be liked.
Substage 3: Good Child
What dilemma do older adults (65+) face in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Integrity vs. Despair
What did Vygotsky believe was the primary method of conveying knowledge?
language
What are the key developments during the second trimester?
muscle, bone, and reflex development begin; body growth begins
What is the term for fitting new information into an already existing schema?
In this substage, the child sees rules as absolute.
Substage 4: Law and Order
What dilemma do play age children (3-5) face in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Initiative vs. Guilt
What did Vygotsky conclude was a primary determinant in learning?
culture
At what age do infants begin to crawl?
10 months
What is the term for adjusting schema to fit new situations or demands?
accommodation
In this substage, the person believes that laws are relative and may be changed if the need arises.
Substage 5: Social Contract
What dilemma do adolescents (12-18) face in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Identity and Reputation vs. Identity Confusion
Why is self-talk, or "internalized talking," important?
it provides self-guidance
At what age do adolescent girls experience a growth spurt?
10 1/2
What happens during the pre-operational stage?
language development and symbolic thought
In this substage, the child shares if others share and hurts if others hurt.
Substage 2: Reciprocity
What dilemma do young adults (18-25) face in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation
What is play essential to?
social, personal, and professional activities