History & Theories
A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature versus nurture debate, where does this theorist’s proposal fit?
a. Nature
b. Interaction between nature and nurture
c. Reciprocation between nature and nurture
d. Nurture
d. Nurture
What is the defining feature of chromosomes?
a. They combine during fertilization to form a zygote.
b. They are released from the ovary every 28 days.
c. They always produce monozygotic twins.
d. They contain genetic information from each parent.
d. They contain genetic information from each parent.
Why is it important for a newborn baby’s reflexes to be assessed both at birth and at regular intervals as they age?
a. Because research has shown that adequate reflexive activity at birth and through the first six months of life predict higher intelligence and greater academic success during adolescence.
b. Because an infant’s reflexive activity serves as a means to help facilitate bonding with his or her parents, particularly if the mother is nursing.
c. Because the presence (and absence) of specific reflexes indicate that the nervous system is working properly and is developing without problems.
d.Because different cultures define a “healthy baby” differently based on the presence or absence of specific reflexes through the first year of life.
c. Because the presence (and absence) of specific reflexes indicate that the nervous system is working properly and is developing without problems.
True or false: Mental software refers to mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate.
False
Which term does NOT belong in this group?
a. experiential
b. nurture
c. environmental
d. hereditary
d. hereditary
A group of friends get together and their conversation revolves around love and work: relationships, planning for future marriage and children, finishing formal education and establishing their careers, developing independence, and feeling like an adult. This group of friends is in the ________ period of human development.
a. adolescence
b. middle adulthood
c. mid-life crisis
d. early adulthood
d. early adulthood
What are genes comprised of?
a. Alleles
b. sequences of DNA
c. phenotypes
d. genotypes
b. sequences of DNA
When young Melvin’s mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin’s mother often brags that, “he is such a good, easy baby.” According to your textbook, Melvin’s mother is making an observation about his ____.
a. personality
b. temperament
c. reflexes
d. adjustment
b. temperament
The preoperational concept of ____ suggests that children in this stage believe that others see the world exactly as they do; that is, that their perspective is the only perspective there is.
a. animism
b. centration
c. egocentrism
d. object permanence
c. egocentrism
Traits that are controlled by _____ genes are usually “either/or” phenotypes (e.g., being color blind or not being color blind, having a blood clotting disorder or not having a blood clotting disorder).
a. polymorphic
b. mutated
c. multiple
d. single
a. polymorphic
Suppose a group of researchers wants to investigate the relationship between daily mindfulness meditation and cortisol (stress hormone) levels in the body over a 20-year time period. Which research design would allow them to measure changes with age and within individuals over time, even though it would be expensive, limited to one cohort, take a long time, and they might have people drop out of the study?
a. Cross-sectional research design
b. Sequential research design
c. Cohort-sequential research design
d. Longitudinal research design
d. Longitudinal research design
Which of the following describes the way in which genetic material is distributed between twins?
a. Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material.
b. Dizygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material.
c. Monozygotic twins share 70% of their genetic material.
d. Dizygotic twins do not have any shared genetic material.
a. Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material.
Jeffrey is a three-year-old who is beginning to make connections between people’s thoughts, intentions, and behaviors. According to Wellman (2002), Jeffrey is developing
a. a theory of mind.
b. a temperament.
c. motor skills.
d. retinal disparity.
a theory of mind.
Isaac and Larry, two young brothers, are sitting at the breakfast table when their father gives them both a glass of chocolate milk. Isaac’s glass is taller but thinner than Larry’s glass, which is shorter but wider. Larry gets upset and complains that “Isaac got more milk!” The fact that Larry is only focusing on one feature of his milk glass demonstrates the Piagetian concept of
a. accommodation.
b. egocentrism.
c. reversion.
d. centration.
d. centration.
The newborn state of ____ is defined as a period where the baby’s eyes are open but they seem unfocused, and its arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motions.
a. waking activity
b. alert inactivity
c. crying
d. sleeping
a. waking activity
According to social learning theory, people learn from reinforcements, from punishments, and through______________
According to social learning theory, people learn from reinforcements, from punishments, and through observational learning or immitation
The period of the zygote ends _______________
2 weeks after conception (when the zygote is completely implanted in the wall of the uterus).
Name (or describe 3 reflexes that babies are born with)
Rooting, Gripping, toe curling, startle, galant, stepping
When Maurice’s father is teaching him to play racquetball, he observes that there are some strokes that Maurice can do very well, and there are others that he needs help with. The difference between these two skill sets is called the zone of _______________ development.
Primarily based on the early work of Sigmund Freud, _______________ theories hold that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they encounter at different ages.
Psychodynamic
In_______________, people are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real-life setting.
Naturalistic observation
What general risk factors can affect prenatal development?
Stress, nutrition, teratogens
A child’s awareness of his or her own existence is usually well-established by the age of _______________ years.
2 Years
Provide an example of how egocentrism, centration, or appearance as reality might affect the actions or thoughts of a child.
Egocentrism: just sees it through their own eyes
Centrism: Only one feature determins what is real
Appearance as reality: Animism a baby doll
List the different stages (phases) of pregnancy and note what occurs to start and end each stage.
Zygote, Embryonic, & Fetus