Prosocial Behavior
What brain imaging technology was used in Marsh et al?
Both MRI and fMRI
One assumption of CA?
The mind actively processes information from our senses (touch, taste etc.)
Between stimulus and response are complex mental processes, which can be studied scientifically.
Humans can be seen as data processing systems.
The workings of a computer and the human mind are alike – they encode and store information, and they have outputs.
Finkelstein investigated which two cultural dimensions?
Individualism and collectivism
THree key cjaractristics of Diffusion of Responsibility
Group size, shared responsibility, anonymity
How did results differ from those of Raine on 'psychopaths'?
Altruists exhibited variations in neural anatomy and functioning that represent the inverse of patterns previously observed in psychopaths, who are unusually callous and antisocial.
What is the empathy altruism model?
The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts that those feeling high levels of empathy for a person in need will be more likely to help than will those feeling less empathy.
How can Social Identity theory explain pro social behaviour?
People are more likely to help people who they identify as being part of their ingroup and less likely to help those in the out group.
Who were the participants in Marsh et al?
19 altruists (kidney donors to unknown patients) and 20 controls.
What is cognitive empathy?
Identifying and understanding what another individual is thinking or feeling without a necessary affective response.
What was the ethical consideration most relevant in the Levine study to ensure natural behaviour of participants?
Deception
What were the results of Simmons?
Parents 86% siblings 47% acceptable answers to say nearly all parents willing to donate versus less than half siblings.
Why does the Lockwood study have high construct validity?
Use of standardised scales for cognitive and affective empathy.
Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE)
AND the use of standardise measure of pro social tendencies.
The 4 psychological mechanisms of SIT
Social categorisation, identification and comparison plus positive distinctiveness.
In the study by Latane and darley (1968), an ambiguous situation led to this factor in bystanderism
Pluralistic Ignorance
Two strengths of Simmons study
High ecological validity-real kidney patients and their families
Result support the kin selection theory as potentially evolutionary. Parents more willing to donate to ensure survival of offspring.
What are the 4 conditions in the Cialdini 'Elaine' study?
High empathy-easy escape, High empathy-difficult escape, Low empathy-easy escape, Low empathy-difficult escape.
What were 3 of the standardised measures in the Finkelstein study?
Time spent volunteering
Individualism-collectivism scale
Volunteer motives
Volunteer role identity