Types of Hyper-sensitivity
This type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE-mediated immune responses and is characterized by rapid onset allergic reactions such as hives and anaphylaxis
What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Patients with anaphylaxis may present with these two hallmark symptoms, which are indicative of severe allergic reactions.
What are hives and angioedema?
This medication is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis and is administered intramuscularly in the anterolateral thigh.
What is epinephrine?
Epinephrine, the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, may cause this side effect characterized by palpitations, tremors, and increased heart rate.
What is tachycardia?
A 30-year-old male presents to the emergency department with generalized urticaria, angioedema, and shortness of breath shortly after eating a seafood dish. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely occurring in this patient, and what is the immediate treatment?
What is Type I hypersensitivity? Immediate treatment: Administer epinephrine intramuscularly.
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by these antibodies, which bind to antigens on the surface of host cells and cause cell destruction.
What are IgG and IgM antibodies?
This skin manifestation is commonly seen in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and is characterized by erythema, papules, and vesicles at the site of contact with an allergen.
What is contact dermatitis?
Corticosteroids are often used in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response. Give an example of a corticosteroid medication commonly used in this context.
What is prednisone?)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often prescribed for systemic symptoms of serum sickness, may cause this side effect characterized by gastrointestinal irritation.
What is gastrointestinal bleeding or gastritis?
A 25-year-old male presents with bullous lesions and erosions on the skin, along with mucosal involvement, following exposure to a new detergent. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is likely responsible for these findings, and what is the appropriate management?
What is Type IV hypersensitivity? Management: Remove the offending agent, administer topical corticosteroids, and provide supportive care.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when immune complexes deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This process is known as this type of reaction.
What is immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis can result in cardiovascular collapse due to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, leading to this specific clinical manifestation.
What is hypotension?
Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are used to relieve symptoms such as itching and hives in hypersensitivity reactions. What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines?
What is blocking the effects of histamine at H1 receptors?)
Diphenhydramine, often administered as adjunctive therapy for anaphylaxis, may cause this side effect characterized by urinary retention, blurred vision, and constipation.
What is anticholinergic effects?
This patient experiences skin redness, itching, and swelling following contact with nickel-containing jewelry. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is likely responsible, and how can the patient prevent future episodes?
Who is a person with Type IV hypersensitivity? Prevention: What is avoiding contact with nickel-containing items and opting for hypoallergenic alternatives?
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions involve this type of immune response, which is mediated by T cells and delayed in onset.
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Type I hypersensitivity reactions may cause this respiratory symptom due to bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation.
What is wheezing?
Bronchodilators such as albuterol are indicated in the treatment of anaphylaxis to relieve this specific symptom associated with severe allergic reactions
What is bronchospasm?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), used to alleviate symptoms of serum sickness, may cause this side effect characterized by renal impairment, fluid retention, and hypertension.
What is nephrotoxicity
Following exposure to poison oak, this individual develops a pruritic, vesicular rash on the arms and legs. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is occurring, and what measures can provide relief from symptoms?
Who is a person experiencing Type IV hypersensitivity? Relief measures: What is washing the affected area with soap and water, applying cool compresses, and using over-the-counter corticosteroids?
This type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of antibodies against self-antigens, leading to tissue destruction and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
A healthcare worker receives a PPD test as part of routine employee health screening. The nurse measures the induration at the injection site and records it as 5 mm in diameter. What interpretation should the nurse provide for this PPD test result?
What is a negative PPD test result, indicating no significant exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Patients prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for severe allergic reactions should be instructed to administer the medication into this specific area and seek immediate medical attention afterward.
What is the lateral thigh?
Corticosteroids, commonly used to manage inflammation in hypersensitivity reactions, may lead to this metabolic side effect, which can manifest as increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
What is hyperglycemia?
After exposure to a certain plant pollen, this individual experiences sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, and what measures can provide relief from allergic rhinitis symptoms?
Who is a person exhibiting Type I hypersensitivity? Relief measures: What is avoiding outdoor activities during peak pollen times, using air purifiers, and taking antihistamines or nasal corticosteroids?