Hypertension

RAAS

100

What stimulates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldoserone-System?

Low blood pressure and/or low serum sodium

200

What are the roles of ACE in the RAAS system?

1. Converts AngI to AngII

2. Deactivated bradykinin 

300

Where is Renin released from?

The Kidney

400

What are 2 ways Ang II promotes hypertension?

1) Vasoconstriction

2) Activation of Aldosterone to increase salt and water retention

Therapy

100

If your family member was diagnosed with hypertension, would you prescribe them ARB or ACE inhibitors?

Trick Question!

200

Where is AT1 typically found?

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Adrenal Glands

300

Do patients with the D phenotype or DD phenotype respond better ACE inhibitors?

DD phenotype because they have higher initial levels of ACE

400

True or False: The most effective ACE inhibitors bind primarily to the C-domain of ACE. 

True!

Genetics

100

List 3 non-modifiable factors associated with hypertension. 

Genetics, Epigenetics, Age

200

What SNP of the AT1 receptor gene is associated with hypertension?

A1166C

300

What mutation in the ACE gene has been associated with hypertension?

The deletion allele of ACE 

400

How does DNA methylation differ between control and maternal low protein offspring rats? 

The AT1b promotor is hypomethylated in MLP offspring which results in an increase of AT1b receptors.

Cellular

100

What is arguably the most important endothelium derived relaxing factor?

NO

200

How does oxidative stress affect NO bioavailability? 

Decreases NO bioavailability 

300

What is an essential cofactor of eNOS?

BH4

400

How does acetylcholine activate the eNOS enzyme? 

Increases intracellular calcium