First line agents
This class of drugs is often the first choice for patients with hypertension and diabetes, as it can also protect kidney function
What is ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II binds to receptors in the adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of this hormone, which increases blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
What is aldosterone
This is the blood pressure target for most patients with hypertension according to the ACC/AHA guidelines, regardless of hypertension stage
What is less than 130/80 mm Hg
According to ACC/AHA guidelines, blood pressure in this range is classified as "normal"
What is <120/80
This blood pressure reading represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is at rest between beats
What is diastolic pressure?
This class of first-line antihypertensive medications is known to cause edema as a common side effect due to peripheral vasodilation
What is calcium channel blockers
This enzyme, released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels, initiates the RAAS cascade by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
What is renin
Patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease are started on antihypertensive therapy at this classification stage if their blood pressure is above 130/80 mm Hg
What is stage 1 hypertension
This classification is given to a patient with a blood pressure of 135/85 mm Hg
What is stage 1 hypertension?
This condition occurs when patients blood pressure temporarily spikes in a clinical setting
What is white coat hypertension?
Due to their effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ACE inhibitors are known to cause this common, persistent side effect, particularly bothersome in up to 20% of patients
What is a Cough
Aldosterone, a hormone released in response to angiotensin II, acts on these structures in the kidney to promote sodium and water reabsorption
What are the distal tubules
For Stage 1 hypertension with no compelling indications, treatment is typically only initiated if this cardiovascular risk factor assessment is ≥ 10
What is the ASCVD risk score
The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association define this classification with a systolic blood pressure between 120 and 129 mm Hg
What is elevated blood pressure?
This term refers to high blood pressure with no identifiable cause and accounts for the majority of hypertension cases
What is primary hypertension?
The specific electrolyte abnormality that must be closely monitored when prescribing both ACE inhibitors and ARBs for hypertension
What is Hyperkalemia
This common side effect of ACE inhibitors, not seen with ARBs, is due to increased levels of bradykinin, which is normally broken down by ACE
What is a dry cough
For patients with heart failure and hypertension, this class of drugs is typically prioritized in their treatment regimen due to benefits in both conditions
What are ACE or ARBs
For adults, this blood pressure range (in mm Hg) defines hypertensive crisis, requiring immediate medical attention if associated with symptoms
What is 180/120 mm Hg or higher?
This common beverage ingredient can give blood pressure a temporary lift, so limiting it is often recommended for people with hypertension
What is caffeine?
This first-line medication for hypertension may increase serum calcium levels, providing a secondary benefit to patients at risk for osteoporosis
What is thiazide diuretics
The liver produces this protein, which renin then acts upon to produce angiotensin I, a precursor to angiotensin II
Angiotensinogen
When a patient who is diagnosed with stage one hypertension with an ASCVD risk score of < 10%, leaves the clinic, when should they come back for follow up?
3-6 months
A diastolic blood pressure reading of 90 mm Hg meets the criteria for this classification of hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension
These cells, located in the kidney’s distal convoluted tubule, sense sodium levels and play a key role in the body’s response to low blood pressure through the release of renin
What are macula densa cells?