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Lecture 5:
The Nervous System & Synaptic Transmission
Lecture 6:
Sensory Physiology
Lecture 7:
Muscle Physiology
Lecture 8:
Muscle Control
Potpurri (Lectures 1-4)
100
True or False: Neurons are the most numerous cell in the CNS
False. Glial cells are the most numerous
100
A neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
What is synesthesia?
100
Cardiac and skeletal muscles have a striated pattern that results from the arrangement of these (name all types) within the cytoplasm.
What are thick and thin filaments?
100
This is made of up the alpha motor neuron and innervated fibers
What is a motor unit?
100
Which ion is most important in determining a cell's resting potential?
Potassium
200
What are the two types of synapses?
Electrical & Chemical
200
This sensory pathway does not involve processing in the thalamus.
What is olfaction?
200
The two globular heads of myosin consist of these binding sites, both of which (include all aspects of these sites) are necessary to form cross-bridges.
What is an actin binding site and an ATP binding site with an ATPase?
200
This is the feedback control system from sensors in muscles and joints
What is a servo motor system?
200
What is the difference between glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis?
Glycolysis- Breakdown of glucose into energy Gluconeogenesis- Formation of glucose from pyruvate Glycogenolysis- Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
300
What are the main excitatory neurotransmitters in the PNS and in the CNS? What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
Excitatory: Acetylcholine-> PNS Glutamate-> CNS Inhibitory: GABA-> CNS
300
A neuron's reduced response to a stimulus after prolonged exposure.
What is adaptation?
300
This receptor, which is so named because of the class of drugs it binds to, experiences a conformational change during an action potential to open the ryanodine receptor channel. As a result, Ca2+ is able to leave the sarcolemma and lead to muscle contraction.
What is the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor?
300
These two provide information about muscle position and stretch in order to finely regulate the speed and intensity of muscle contraction.
What are golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles?
300
What is the difference between relative refractory period and absolute refractory period? Describe what the sodium and potassium channels look like in each scenario.
Absolute refractory period- Period of time after AP where it is impossible to trigger a new AP. This is when the voltage Na+ channels are inactivated and the K+ channels are open. Relative refractory period- Period of time after AP where it is necessary to provide a strong input in order to trigger an AP. The voltage gated K+ are open, and some though not all of the voltage gated Na+ channels are open. The other Na+ channels are still inactivated.
400
Explain how a metabotropic receptor works.
1. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor 2. G-protein is activated 3. G-protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate ion channels 4. Ion channel opens 5. Ions flow across membrane
400
The two point touch test is a measure of what feature of a neuron?
What is receptive field?
400
This type of isotonic contraction occurs when an unsupported load is greater than the tension generated by cross-bridges, leading to lengthening of the muscle.
What is eccentric contraction?
400
These large motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction.
What are alpha motor neurons?
400
True/False: Short term homeostasis requires energy input
False- Short term homeostasis is maintained by physical properties or equilibria and does not require energy input. Long term homeostasis is often maintained by negative feedback control systems, requiring energy.
500
Draw and explain the mechanism of neurotransmitter release in a chemical synapse.
1. Action potential reaches synaptic terminal 2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open 3. Calcium enters axon terminal 4. Neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft 5. Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors 6. Neurotransmitter removed from synaptic cleft
500
The inner ear compartment that receives sound energy via vibrations through the oval window.
What is the scala vestibuli?
500
At higher stimulation frequencies, successive action potentials each release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum before all of the Ca2+ from the previous action potential has been pumped back. Under these conditions, more cross-bridges become bound to thin filaments. As a result, the tension does not oscillate as the muscle is not able to relax, which leads to this.
What is fused tetanus?
500
The simultaneous firing of this set of motor neurons maintains the tautness of the muscle spindles.
What is the alpha-gamma loop?
500
Explain how cholera causes diarrhea via the GPCR pathway
1. Cholera toxin binds to GPCR, which activates the G protein 2. G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme 3. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 4. cAMP activates protein kinase A 5. PKA phosphorylates the CFTR gene, which secretes Cl- into the intestine 6. High luminal osmolarity of Cl- prevents water reabsorption, which promotes the formation of diarrhea