Plants and Breathing
RESPIRATION: The final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain
What is oxygen?
Structures that have similar anatomy with different functions and indicate divergent evolution from a common ancestor (ex. bat, whale, human, and bird forelimbs)
What are homologous structures?
The organ in which the ZEF (zygote, embryo, or fetus) implants and develops during pregnancy
What is the uterus?
The process by which signals are transmitted through axons only through the Nodes of Ranvier, skipping the myelinated parts to send the signal more quickly
What is saltatory conduction?
The natural pacemaker in the heart
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: The enzyme used in the Calvin Cycle to affix 6 CO2 molecules to 6 RuBP molecules
What is RuBisCO?
Structures that have different anatomy with similar functions and indicate convergent evolution (no common ancestor) (ex. bat wings, bird wings, insect wings)
What are analogous structures?
The tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymus to the urethra for expulsion
What is the vas deferens?
The neurotransmitter used in cholinergic synapses and that is mimicked by neonicotinoid pesticides
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
The 2 proteins that make muscles appear striated and that slide across each other when muscles contract
What are myosin (thick) and actin (thin)?
BOTH: The process by which an electrochemical gradient powers the transformation of ADP to ATP by ATP synthase
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The erroneous theory that acquired traits could be passed down from parents to offspring
What is Lamarckism?
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that targets the pituitary gland so that Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone are secreted into the blood stream
What is Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?
When an action potential is not being propagated, the sodium/potassium pumps keep the inside of the cell negative by pumping 3 sodium ions (IN/OUT) for every 2 potassium ions that go (IN/OUT)
What are out (sodium ions) and in (potassium ions)?
Memory trick: Sodium goes out because "Na Na Na (Na), Hey Hey, GOODBYE". Potassium goes in because K+ in = kin (family), and family gets welcomed in.
The protein found in erythrocytes (RBCs) AND the atom found in each of its 4 heme groups that helps carry oxygen throughout the body
What are hemoglobin and iron?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: The electron carrier produced by the Electron Transport Chain in photosynthesis (later used in the Calvin Cycle)
What is NADPH?
The type of sunlight radiation (that makes it through the ozone layer) that is most harmful to humans and is a risk for causing sunburns, mutations, and cancer due to its higher energy
What is UVB radiation?
The 3 blood vessels encased by the umbilical cord (hint: there are 2 of one type)
What are the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein?
The voltage on the cell membrane of a human neuron at a) resting potential and b) threshold potential
What are:
a) -70mV
b) -55mV
The concentration of oxygen is (HIGHER/LOWER) in the lungs' alveoli than in the capillaries. The concentration of carbon dioxide is (HIGHER/LOWER) in the lungs' alveoli than in the capillaries. (This allows the necessary gas exchange of O2 and CO2.)
What are:
Oxygen: higher (in alveoli) - diffuses into the blood to be carried by hemoglobin
CO2: lower (in alveoli) - diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled by the lungs?
RESPIRATION: In the link reaction, pyruvic acid (3C) loses this 1C molecule and gains this enzyme to product this 2C molecule. (3 answers)
What are:
CO2 (1C)
Coenzyme A
Acetyl-CoA (2C)
Name at least 3 of the 4 factors of evolution.
What are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection?
List the 4 types of stem cell potency from most potent to least potent
What are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and unipotent?
Explain the movements of the voltage-gated ion channels for sodium and potassium during depolarization AND repolarization during an action potential.
What are:
Depolarization: Sodium channels open, influx of sodium ions into the cell, voltage peaks at about +40mv, sodium channels close
Repolarization: Potassium channels open, eflux of potassium ions out of the cell, return to resting potential of -70mV, potassium channels close?
List the 4 chambers of the heart and whether or not the blood in each is oxygenated.
What are the right atrium (not oxygenated), right ventricle (not oxygenated), left atrium (oxygenated), and left ventricle (oxygenated)?