Specialization and Signaling
Why does the need for cell specialization increase as an organism's size increases?
Surface area to volume decreases, therefore making simple diffusion insufficient for nutrient transport and waste removal
What is the capillary effect?
Relying on intermolecular forces, when the adhesive force between the liquid and container wall is stronger than the cohesive forces within the liquid, the liquid rises.
Explain why missense mutations often lead to deleterious changes in the original protein?
Missense mutations are often deleterious because substituting one amino acid can disrupt a protein's structural stability, folding, and interaction with other molecules.
What blood types can someone with type O blood receive in a blood transfusion?
Type O individuals can only receive type O blood.
What are haploid and diploid cells?
Haploid cells contain one pair of chromosomes while diploid cells contain two.
How does a GPCR work?
GPCRs consist of 7 transmembrane domains that, when activated by a ligand, change shape and trigger a G protein to release GTP and bind GTP, splitting the G protein.
Describe the process of Earth's formation and how it attracted water.
A belt of asteroids orbiting a sun in the universe and smash into each other, creating a proto earth. Once this proto earth is large enough, it has enough gravity to attract gases like H2 and O2 and keep them there. (Asteroids and comets that land on earth also bring some ice/water but not much.)
What is the difference between mutagens and carcinogens?
Mutagens cause genetic DNA mutations, carcinogens indirectly or directly cause cancer.
How do voltage gated ion channels work?
Voltage gated ion channels are transmembrance proteins that open and close in response to changes in the electrical membrane potential.
What is crossing over?
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between paired, non-sister homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis.
How are protein kinases able to activate or deactivate particular proteins?
Protein kinases activate and deactivate proteins through phosphorylation.
How is ADP different from ATP?
ATP has 3 phosphate groups and acts as a charged battery, ADP has 2 and acts like a discharged molecule.
What is apotosis?
Programmed cell death.
What is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated acids do not have a double bond between carbon atoms and can increase LDL, unsaturated acids do have double bonds and lower rates of LDL.
Males have progesterone producing genes surpressed by methylation?
FALSE
Describe the impacts of FSH on the menstrual cycle.
FSH triggers the maturation of ovarian follicles and stimulating estrogen production during the follicular phase.
How did the Hershey-Chase experiment prove that protein is not the source of genetic material?
The Hershey-Chase experiment used radioactive tracers to demonstrate that only viral DNA (Phosphorus-32) entered bacteria during infection, while viral proteins (Sulfur-35) remained outside.
What is the molecular clock?
The molecular clock is a scientific tool used by researchers to estimate the timing of evolutionary events like when species diverged from a common ancestor.
How will a cell respond if placed in a hypertonic solution?
The cell would lose water to its surroundings.
What is the difference between a genome and a proteome
Genomes act as blueprints for the organism's development and function. Proteomes are the instructions and carry out the necessary functions for life.
Do we consciously control all of our consciousness? Explain.
Open ended.
What occurs during lateral transfer?
Genetic material moves from unicellular and/or multicellular organisms.
Describe how the CRISPER-Cas9 process can be used to insert genes into a target sight?
CRISPER-Cas9 uses engineered guide RNA to direct Cas9 nuclease to a specific DNA sequence.
Why would a large protein be more likely to enter a cell though facilitataed diffusion rather than other transport methods?
Large proteins are too big and polar to pass through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer by simple diffusion.
What is transgenerational inheritance?
A transgenerational effect is a biological or behavioral phenomenom where the environment of a parent or grandparent can alter the phenotype of later generations.