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Stimulus and Response
Perception of Stimuli
Innate and Learned Behavior
Neurotransmitters and synapses
Random
100
Define the following terms (must answer all or no points awarded): 1. What is a stimulus? 2. What is a reflex? 3. What is a response?
1. A stimulus is a change in the environment (internal or external) that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response. 2. A reflex is a rapid, unconscious response. 3. A response is a reaction to a stimulus.
100
What are mechanoreceptors?
Stimulated by mechanical force or some types of pressure. The sense of touch is due to pressure receptors which are sensitive to strong or light pressure.
100
What is a taxis?
A taxis is a directed response to a stimulus.
100
How do neurones communicate with each other?
Across a space known as a synapse.
100
What is addiction? (scientific definition)
Addiction is a chemical dependency on drugs where the drug has "rewired" the brain and has become an essential biochemical in the body.
200
Give the Sockeye Salmon story.
(Mrs. Williams please confirm)
200
What are chemoreceptors?
Respond to chemical substance.
200
Distinguish between Innate and Learned Behavior. Hint: There are 5 points for each.
Innate Behavior: 1. Develops independently of the environmental context 2. Controlled by genes 3. Inherited from parents 4. Developed by natural selection. 5. Increases chance of survival and reproduction. Learned Behavior: 1. Dependent on the environmental context of the animal for development 2. Not controlled by genes 3. Not inherited from parents 4. Develops by response to an environmental stimulus 5. May or may not increase the chance of survival and reproduction.
200
An impulse which moves down the presynaptic neurone is known as this.
What is an action potential?
200
DAILY DOUBLE! Question: Fill in the blank... Contralateral processing is due to the ______ _______ .
Optic Chiasma
300
Briefly explain the European Blackcap story. Hint: What was observed? The solution to this question? What do we learn about the species'?
(Mrs. Williams please confirm the answer)
300
What are thermoreceptors and photoreceptors?
1. Respond to change in temperature. 2. Respond to light energy.
300
What is kinesis?
Kinesis is a movement in response to a non-directional stimulus, such as humidity.
300
What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters? Give examples of each.
Excitatory: These neurotransmitters increase the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to positive ions. Example is Acetylcholine. Inhibitory: These neurotransmitters bind to its specific receptor. An example is GABA.
300
What is the function of the conjunctiva?
Covers the sclera and cornea and keeps the eye moist.
400
What does the theory of Natural Selection state?
That the organism best fitted for the environment is more likely to survive to reproduce.
400
Give 5 different parts of the eye and the function of each.
1. Iris - regulates the size of the pupil 2. Pupil - admits light 3. Retina - Contains receptors for vision 4. Aqueous Humour - transmits light rays and supports the eyeaball 5. Vitreous Humour - transmits light rays and supports the eyeaball 6. Rods - allow black and white vision in dim light 7. Cones - allow color vision in bright light 8. Fovea - an area of densely packed cone cells where vision is most acute 9. Lens - focuses the light rays 10. Sclera - protects and supports the eyeball 11. Cornea - focusing begins here 12. Choroid - Absorbs stray light 13. Conjunctiva - Covers the sclera and cornea and keeps eye moist 14. Optic Nerve - transmits impulses to the brain 15. Eye Lid - protects the eye
400
Learning improves the chance of survival. Give two examples of this.
1. Imprinting 2. Hoarding
400
Compare Cholinergic and Adrenergic synapses. Hint: Neurotransmitter, System, Effect on mood, Drugs increasing transmission at synapse.
Cholinergic: 1. acetylcholine 2. parasympathetic 3. calming 4. nicotine Adrenergic: 1. noradrenaline 2. sympathetic 3. increased energy, alertness and euphoria 4. cocaine and amphetamines
400
Give a short summary on the structure and function of the retina.
Vision begins when light enters the eye and is focused on the photoreceptor cells of the retina. The photoreceptor cells are the rods and the cones.
500
Outline the structure of the spinal cord. Hint: Use the pathway of the nerve impulses to help you. (You can just say the name of the structure of the spinal cord -to- the next structure or cell. Keep it according to the pathway of the impulses.)
Receptor cells - nerve fiber of sensory neurone - spinal nerve - dorsal root of the spinal nerve - cell body of the sensory neurone in the dorsal root ganglion - cell body of the relay neurone - cell body of the motor neurone - ventral root of the spinal nerve - nerve fiber of the motor neurone - effector (a muscle or a gland).
500
Compare and Contrast Rods and Cones
Rods: 1. These cells are more sensitive to light and function well in dim light. 2. Only one type of rod is found in the retina. It can absorb all wavelengths of visible light. 3. The impulses from a group of rod cells pass to a single nerve fiber in the optic nerve. Cones: 1. These cells are less sensitive to light and function well in bright light. 2. Three types of cone are found in the retina. One type is sensitive to red light, one type to blue light and one type to green light. 3. The impulse from a single cone cell passes to a single nerve fiber in the optic nerve.
500
Outline Pavlov's experiment with his dog.
(Explained by Mrs. Williams)
500
At the synapse, THC acts on cannabinoid receptors. These receptors affect several mental and physical activities, including...?
1. Learning 2. Coordination 3. Problem Solving 4. Short Term Memory
500
How is sound perceived by the ear? Step-by-step processes much be given to receive full points on this question.
The outer ear catches sound waves. Sound waves are successive vibrations of air molecules. When they travel down the auditory canal, they cause the eardrum to move back and forth slightly. The bones in the ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) receive vibrations from the tympanic membrane and multiple them approximately 20 times. The stapes strikes the oval window causing it to vibrate. This vibration is passed to the fluid in the cochlea. The fluid in the cochlea causes special cells, called hair cells, to vibrate. The hair cells, which are receptors, release a chemical message across a synapse to the sensory neurone. Finally the message is carried by the sensory neurone in the auditory nerve to the brain. The wave in the fluid of the cochlea dissipates as it reaches the round window.