Cell Respiration
and
Photosynthesis
and
Photosynthesis
Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cell respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - - - - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
Draw an amino acid.
Refer to review packet
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
List the four main elements found in living organisms.
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
List three ways the rate of photosynthesis can be measured.
Increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in oxygen, and increase in biomass.
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
State one function for each of the four main elements in organisms.
Nitrogen - found on amino acids; some others Hydrogen - makes up many macromolecules; H-bonding to hold molecules together; some others Carbon - makes up many macromolecules Oxygen - makes up many macromolecules
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
List the products of alcoholic fermentation.
carbon dioxide and ethanol
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
Which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found on?
The Lagging strand
Outline the thermal properties of water and how it is used as a coolant in living organisms.
Water has high specific heat. All living things are composed of water and thus act as a temperature stabilizer. Sweating as a coolant.
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
The reason why most plant leaves appear green
Chlorophyll is a green pigment therefore reflects green light. This means that chlorophyll absorbs other wavelengths of the visible light spectrum like the red and blue wavelengths of energy.
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
List the four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.
Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase - adds complementary bases to template strand RNA primase - adds RNA primer to template strand so DNA polymerase knows where to begin DNA primase - replaces RNA primer with DNA
Outline the cohesive property of water and describe where this is seen.
Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to "stick" together. This is seen in trees to bring water up from the roots into the tree. (Also adhesion - the ability of water to stick to something else.) Also water's surface tension that allows some organisms to walk on water.
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
Outline the effects of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide - as CO2 increases so does the rate of photosynthesis but then plateaus unless light or temperature is also increased
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
List a difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase III - synthesizes new strand by adding nucleotides onto the template strand DNA polymerase I - removes the primer and replaces it with DNA
Outline the solvent properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a medium for metabolic reactions.
Water is an excellent solvent of other polar molecules. Most macromolecules are polar and water can break these down to enter the cell. Water is also an excellent medium. Blood is most common transport medium in animals; blood is mainly made up of water. Blood is a transport for red blood cells, white blood cells, and variety of dissolved molecules.