Molecules
What are the four biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
What are the three types of passive transport?
Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
What is a gene?
Unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA (or sometimes RNA) that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule
Climate change is (partially) a result of greenhouse gases. What is a greenhouse gas?
Substances that trap heat in Earth's atmosphere, preventing heat from escaping into space. Examples include CO2, Methane, and Nitrous Oxides
If a gene has 30 Adenine bases and 15 Cytosine bases, how many genes pairs are there total?
A= T, C = G
30 Adenine bases = 30 Thymine bases
15 Cytosine bases = 15 Guanine bases
What are the three types of RNA and what do they do?
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
mRNA- messenger RNA that transcribes DNA for protein synthesis
tRNA- transfer RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
rRNA- ribosomal RNA that makes up ribosomes
What did the Miller-Urey experiment establish?
If you have a cut, platelets gather at the wound and release clotting factors, activating more platelets. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?
Positive
What is a tipping point?
critical moment or threshold where a significant change or shift occurs, often leading to an irreversible effect
Patau's Syndrome, Edward's Syndrome, and Down Syndrome are all a result of...?
Nondisjuction during the meiosis
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA
- Purines are Adenine and Guanine
- Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), and Uracil in (RNA)
Draw the fluid mosaic model
See image
What is a species?
a group of organisms that consist of similar individuals capable of interbreeding or exchanging genes among themselves to produce fertile offspring
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric involves geographical separation of two or more populations, leading to speciation. Sympatric speciation is when speciation occurs within the same area
Which organelle provides evidence that eukaryotic cells originated when large prokaryotes engulfed small free-living prokaryotes?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
When are DNA Polymerase I and III used and what is the difference between the two?
DNA Polymerase is used in DNA replication. DNA Polymerase I removes RNA primer while DNA Polymerase III synthesizes DNA.
How does the Sodium-Potassium pump work?
Actively transports three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions into the cell. Goes against the concentration gradient
How are the insides of alveoli prevented from sticking together?
Type II Pneumocytes release surfactant
What are the two types of succession? Describe their characteristics
Primary succession
- The initial colonization and development of ecosystems
- Formed from a barren habitat where no soil/life exists
Secondary succession
- The redevelopment of an ecosystem impacted by a disturbance
- Relies on the presence of soil
What is the effect of a neonicotinoid pesticide on the transmission of a nerve impulse between neurons in an insect?
It prevents the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane
What does the acetylation of histones do?
Increases gene expression by loosening hetrochromatin to euchromatin
What is a lac operon and how does it work?
Operon that controls the synthesis of lactase in E. coli, activated in the absence of glucose and the presence of lactose
Bacteria from chicken feces can cause a loss of intestinal villi in small children who happen to eat dirt in rural villages. Which effect could be expected from such a loss of villi?
Malnutrition, as intestinal villi absorb nutrients into the bloodstream from the digestive system
What are the causes and effects of eutrophication?
Causes-
- agriculture
- aquaculture
- sewage/industrial waste
Effects
- Algal blooms
- Loss of biodiversity
- Creation of dead zones
For what purpose are restriction endonucleases used in the laboratory?
To cut specific base sequences to open DNA molecules in PCR