Show:
Cell Respiration
and
Photosynthesis
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
Chemical Elements
and
Water
Transcription
and
Translation
100

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?


What are the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions)?

100
Draw an amino acid.
Refer to review packet
100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100
List the four main elements found in living organisms.
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200

In which organelle does aerobic cellular respiration primarily occur?


What is the mitochondrion?

200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200

State one function for each of the four main elements in organisms.

Nitrogen - found on amino acids; some others Hydrogen - makes up many macromolecules; H-bonding to hold molecules together; some others Carbon - makes up many macromolecules Oxygen - makes up many macromolecules

200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration?


oxygen

300
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
300
Which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found on?
The Lagging strand
300
Outline the thermal properties of water and how it is used as a coolant in living organisms.
Water has high specific heat. All living things are composed of water and thus act as a temperature stabilizer. Sweating as a coolant.
300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400

What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?


What is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH?

400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400
List the four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.
Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase - adds complementary bases to template strand RNA primase - adds RNA primer to template strand so DNA polymerase knows where to begin DNA primase - replaces RNA primer with DNA
400

Outline the cohesive property of water and describe where this is seen.

Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to "stick" together. This is seen in trees to bring water up from the roots into the tree. (Also adhesion - the ability of water to stick to something else.) Also water's surface tension that allows some organisms to walk on water.

400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500

Compare the role of the proton gradient in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.


What is that in both processes, a proton gradient across a membrane (thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, inner mitochondrial membrane in mitochondria) is used to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase?

500

State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.

1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase

500
List a difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase III - synthesizes new strand by adding nucleotides onto the template strand DNA polymerase I - removes the primer and replaces it with DNA
500

Outline the solvent properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a medium for metabolic reactions.

Water is an excellent solvent of other polar molecules. Most macromolecules are polar and water can break these down to enter the cell. Water is also an excellent medium. Blood is most common transport medium in animals; blood is mainly made up of water. Blood is a transport for red blood cells, white blood cells, and variety of dissolved molecules.

500
Translation involves several phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Explain each of these.
Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Translocation: Movement if tRNA from A site, to P site, to E site. The amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain by peptide bond. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.