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Genetics
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
Chemical Elements
and
Water
Transcription
and
Translation
100
Compare and contrast prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA.
Prokaryotic DNA - DNA without any proteins associated with it. DNA contained within the cytoplasm. Exists as a nucleoid. Eukaryotic DNA - DNA with proteins associated. DNA contained within the nucleus. Exists a chromatin/chromatids
100
Draw an amino acid.
Refer to review packet
100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100
List the four main elements found in living organisms.
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200
What is the difference between an allele and a gene?
Allele - an alternative form of a gene Gene - a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200
State the difference between organic and inorganic molecules.
Organic molecules contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Inorganic molecules do not.
200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300
Explain why men are more affected by color blindness than women.
Males only have one X chromosome. The allele for colorblindness is contained on the X chromosome. Males will either inherit the X with dominant or the X with the recessive. Females must inherit two recessive alleles to show the recessive trait.
300
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
300
Which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found on?
The Lagging strand
300
Outline the thermal properties of water and how it is used as a coolant in living organisms.
Water has high specific heat. All living things are composed of water and thus act as a temperature stabilizer. Sweating as a coolant.
300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400
Explain why meiosis is referred to as a "reduction" division and why it is significant for gamete formation.
Meiosis results in the chromosome number being reduced by half. The reduction is necessary for gamete formation as gametes must contain only half of an organisms DNA in order to maintain the organisms overall chromosome number.
400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400
List the four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.
Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase III - adds complementary bases to template strand RNA primase - adds RNA primer to template strand so DNA polymerase knows where to begin DNA polymerase I - replaces RNA primer with DNA
400
Outline the cohesive property of water and describe where this is seen.
Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to "stick" together. This is seen in trees to bring water up from the roots into the tree. (Also adhesion - the ability of water to stick to something else.) Also water's surface tension that allows some organisms to walk on water.
400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500
Indicate what is meant by multiple alleles when referring to a genetic trait. Provide an example of a trait with multiple alleles
Multiple alleles refers to those traits where there are "normal" dominant and recessive alleles as well as co-dominant alleles. Ex: blood groups
500
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
500
List a difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase III - synthesizes new strand by adding nucleotides onto the template strand DNA polymerase I - removes the primer and replaces it with DNA
500
Outline the solvent properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a medium for metabolic reactions.
Water is an excellent solvent of other polar molecules. Most macromolecules are polar and water can break these down to enter the cell. Water is also an excellent medium. Blood is most common transport medium in animals; blood is mainly made up of water. Blood is a transport for red blood cells, white blood cells, and variety of dissolved molecules.
500
Translation involves several phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Explain each of these.
Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Translocation: Movement if tRNA from A site, to P site, to E site. The amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain by peptide bond. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.