Cell Structure
This type of cell lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
What is a prokaryotic cell?
This passive transport process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
This organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell" and produces ATP.
What is the mitochondria?
This is the process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cell types.
What is differentiation?
This organelle contains digestive enzymes and breaks down waste materials and cellular debris.
What is a lysosome?
This statement of cell theory says that cells arise from this source.
What are pre-existing cells?
In this solution type, a cell will shrink because water moves out of the cell.
What is a hypertonic solution?
This organelle modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids in the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Muscle cells contain many of these organelles because they need large amounts of energy for contraction.
What are mitochondria?
These specialized protein channels facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes during osmosis.
What are aquaporins?
As a cell grows larger, this ratio decreases, which limits how big cells can become.
What is the surface area to volume ratio?
This model describes the cell membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move freely.
What is separation of incompatible reactions, increased efficiency, localized conditions, or transport and packaging?
These types of stem cells can specialize into any type of cell, including embryo.
What are totipotent cells?
This is the name for the watery fluid inside cells where organelles are suspended.
What is cytoplasm?
This is the region in eukaryotic cells where linear DNA is located.
What is the nucleus?
This active transport protein pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell using ATP.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
This theory explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient prokaryotic cells.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Hair follicles and bone marrow are examples of these locations where stem cells proliferate.
What are stem cell niches?
When the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside a cell, the solution is called this.
What is isotonic?
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for a cube with sides of 3 cm. Show your work.
What is 2:1? (SA = 6 × 3² = 54 cm², V = 3³ = 27 cm³, ratio = 54:27 = 2:1)
Explain why the cell membrane is described as "selectively permeable" and describe two factors that determine whether a molecule can cross the membrane by simple diffusion.
What is: Selectively permeable means only certain substances can cross. Factors include: (1) size - small molecules cross more easily, (2) polarity - nonpolar molecules cross easily while polar cannot, (3) charge - charged ions cannot cross lipid bilayer, (4) concentration gradient - molecules move from high to low concentration?
Explain why the mitochondria and chloroplasts are evidence of the endosymbiotic theory.
What is: Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and divide independently.
What are: Totipotent - can differentiate into any type of cell including embryo; Pluripotent - can differentiate into any type of cell EXCEPT embryo; Multipotent - can differentiate into a limited range of cells (adult stem cells)
A student observes a cell under a microscope and notes it has a cell wall, nucleus, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole. Classify this cell as specifically as possible and provide reasoning.
What is a plant cell? Reasoning: nucleus = eukaryotic; chloroplasts = photosynthetic/plant; cell wall and large vacuole = plant characteristics?