Particulate Nature of Matter
The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Atom
The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Ionic Bond
Elements on the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing amount of this subatomic particle.
Protons
The heat content change in a chemical reaction.
Enthalpy
A substance that donates a proton (H⁺) in a chemical reaction.
Brønsted–Lowry acid
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Isotope
A bond formed when two atoms share electrons.
Covalent bond
This periodic trend increases down a group and decreases across a period and is 1/2 the distance between neighboring nuclei
Atomic radius
A reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.
Endothermic
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons.
Redox reaction
The weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of an element.
Relative atomic mass (Ar)
The measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons in a bond.
Electronegativity
A series of compounds with the same functional group, differing by CH₂ units.
Homologous series
The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Activation energy
A method of determining the unknown concentration of a solution by adding a solution of known concentration.
Titration
A quantity representing 6.022 × 10²³ particles.
Mole
The shape of a molecule determined by electron pair repulsion.
VSEPR Theory
Elements with partially filled d orbitals that show variable oxidation states.
Transition metals
A reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings.
Exothermic reaction
The study of how fast chemical reactions occur.
Reaction rate (kinetics)
A physical law combining pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas.
Ideal gas law
The combination of atomic orbitals to form new orbitals in bonding.
Hybridization
Specific groups of atoms that determine the properties of organic molecules.
Functional groups
The energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure.
Gibb's free energy
A device that generates electricity through a redox reaction.
Voltaic cell