System Fundamentals
What are two key considerations when identifying the context for a new system?
The extent of the system and its limitations.
Define the term 'peripheral.'
An external device that provides input or output for a computer.
What is the function of the ALU in the CPU?
Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
What does the acronym LAN stand for?
Local Area Network.
What is the primary difference between static and dynamic data structures?
Static structures have fixed size; dynamic structures can grow/shrink at runtime.
What are two reasons why users often resist new system changes?
Fear of change and potential loss of features or performance.
What is the main advantage of using a prototype in system development?
It helps identify flaws early and clarifies requirements.
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
RAM is volatile and used for temporary data storage; ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent data like BIOS.
What is the function of a DNS server?
Translates domain names into IP addresses.
What is the role of the operating system in managing hardware resources?
It allocates CPU time, memory, and I/O devices to programs.
What are two possible problems during data migration?
Incompatible file formats and incomplete data transfers.
What is the purpose of a structure chart in system design?
To represent system organization in a hierarchical structure.
What is cache memory used for?
To store frequently used data for quicker access by the CPU.
What are the three main factors in network security?
Confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Explain the concept of a feedback loop in control systems.
It uses sensor data to adjust system inputs to maintain desired output.
What is the difference between SaaS and locally hosted software?
SaaS is hosted remotely by a provider and accessed via the internet, while local software is installed and run on the client’s own hardware.
Name two techniques for gathering system requirements from stakeholders.
Interviews and questionnaires.
What are the three main stages of the machine instruction cycle?
Fetch, decode, execute.
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using wireless networks.
Advantage: No cables needed. Disadvantage: Susceptible to interference.
Describe how a stack data structure operates and provide a real-world example.
LIFO; example: undo feature in text editors.
What is the main drawback of direct changeover as a system implementation method?
If the new system fails, there is no backup.
What is one major consequence of failing to involve the end-user in the design process?
The system may not meet user needs, reducing productivity.
What is the function of the MDR in the CPU?
Holds data being transferred to or from memory.
What is packet switching?
A method of data transmission in which data is broken into packets and routed to the destination independently.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using distributed control systems?
Advantages: reliability, scalability; Disadvantages: complexity, communication issues.