Transatlantic Slave Trade/ Life on Plantations
What was the Middle Passage?
The portion of the slave trade in which enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas in horrendous conditions
What was the goal of the abolitionist movement?
to end slavery and the slave trade, advocating for the emancipation of enslaved people and, eventually, equal rights for African Americans
Define manifest destiny
Americans’ belief that it was their god-given right and fate to expand westward
Name the presidents of the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War
Confederacy: Jefferson Davis
What was Lincoln's 10% Plan?
southern states could rejoin the union once they ratified the 13th Amendment, rejected secession, and had 10% of eligible voters in the state swear an oath of loyalty to the US
Define mercantilism
A system of trade used by major European powers in which they exported more goods than they imported to increase stores of silver and gold
What are 2 methods used by abolitionists to fight against slavery?
used speeches, writings, newspapers, and direct action such as the Underground Railroad to promote their cause
Define sectionalism
the idea that a region of a country has its own values and characteristics, and that the interests of that region are more important than the country as a whole
Identify a strength of the Union and a strength of the Confederacy during the Civil War
Union Advantages: larger population, more wealth, more railroad mileage, more naval ships, more factories, higher industrial capacity, higher iron, coal, and steel production, higher firearm production, more livestock and corn
Confederate Advantages: more military experience, more money from exports, higher cotton production (to lure Britain and France to support them–but this was unsuccessful), more motivation, fighting primarily on their land
Explain two things done to HARM former slaves during Reconstruction
Black Codes: laws enacted in Southern states to restrict the freedoms of Black Americans and maintain racial hierarchy
Lynchings: extrajudicial killings, often by hanging, used to terrorize Black Americans and suppress their rights
Voting Interference: poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
Manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to the Americas, and raw materials to Europe
Give 3 examples of day to day resistance carried out by slaves
Examples: working slowly, breaking tools, sabotage, arson, feigning illness, running away, poisoning
Why did John Brown lead a raid on Harpers Ferry?
He aimed to incite a slave uprising by seizing weapons and sparking a widespread rebellion against slavery; the raid was ultimately unsuccessful and resulted in Brown's capture and execution
What was the goal of the Emancipation Proclamation?
To free all slaves in states in rebellion
Explain two things done to HELP former slaves during Reconstruction.
Efforts to HELP former slaves:
Freedmen’s Bureau: federal agency established to assist freed African Americans and poor whites with housing, education, employment, and legal aid from 1865-1872
Reconstruction Amendments:
13th Amendment: abolished slavery except as a punishment for a crime
14th Amendment: granted citizenship to anyone born in the United States
15th Amendment: granted all men the right to vote, regardless of race
Military Reconstruction Act (1867): divided the south into 5 regions to be monitored by the military to ensure the rights of former slaves weren’t being violated
What was the asiento system?
System that allowed a contractor (whether Spanish or from another European country) to regularly supply African slaves to the Spanish colonies
What happened during the Stono Rebellion?
A group of 20 slaves escaped along the Stono River, got weapons, and killed 20-25 white plantation owners along the way, but white men launched a surprise attack and killed half of the rebels. White residents passed a “Negro Act” to limit slaves’ privileges
Pick one compromise made between the North and the South and explain how it was an attempt to avoid war
1.
Compromise of 1850: a set of five laws passed in 1850 that aimed to temporarily ease tensions between free and slave states by admitting California as a free state, establishing new territories in Utah and New Mexico with the ability to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, and enacting a stricter Fugitive Slave Act, which required citizens to assist in capturing runaway slaves
Why was Sherman's March to the Sea successful?
Sherman and his troops marched through Georgia, destroying civilian property and infrastructure to cripple the Confederacy's ability to wage war; this campaign significantly weakened Southern morale
Carpetbaggers: pro-Reconstruction northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction
Scalawags: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and Republican policies
What was the encomienda system?
Spanish colonial labor system in which conquistadors and settlers were granted control over Indigenous communities, forcing them to work and provide tribute in exchange for supposed protection and Christian instruction
How did Bacon's Rebellion impact race relations in America?
Increased fears of a multiracial alliance against enslavers due to the fact that this rebel militia was able to unite Black and white servants/slaves
Led lawmakers to make legal distinctions between white and Black inhabitants (permanently enslaved Virginians of African descent and gave poor white indentured servants some rights)
How did the Scott v. Sanford court case impact slaves in America?
a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom, claiming that living in a free territory should grant him his liberty, but the Court ruled against him, declaring that enslaved people were not citizens and could not sue, essentially upholding the legality of slavery and further inflaming sectional tensions
Pick one battle of the Civil War (other than Sherman's March to the Sea) and explain its significance in the war.
First Battle of Bull Run: The first major Civil War battle, a Confederate victory that shattered Northern hopes of a quick war.
Battle of Antietam: unsuccessful Confederate invasion of the Union and the bloodiest single-day battle in US History; after this, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Vicksburg: Union victory, led by Grant, that gave the North control over the Mississippi River
Battle of Gettysburg: turning point in the war and the last Confederate attempt to attack on Union soil; Union victory in which Lee’s troops were defeated
Atlanta Campaign: a series of battles in 1864 led by General Sherman, culminating in the capture of Atlanta (major transportation hub), boosting Northern morale
What happened in the Election of 1876 (and the Compromise of 1877) that led to the end of Reconstruction?
There was no clear winner in the Election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become president (victory of the North), but in return he would remove troops from the South (victory for the South)
With federal troops out of the South, no one was there to make sure the rights of Black Americans were being protected.