Research Methods
Is naturally occurring cannot ethically be replicated but has the potential to collect a great deal of qualitative data.
What is a case study
This concept refers to the idea that the brain can change as a result of experience and was tested by Maguire and Draganski.
What is a neuroplasticity?
The idea that our memory is composed of 3 separate stores: sensory store, short term store and long term store. Retrieval and rehearsal lead to better long term memory.
What is Multi Store Memory Model?
The theory that could/should be called observational learning and was studied by Bandura.
What is Social Cognitive Theory?
These types of studies which are based on the level of shared genetic materials between individuals, use concordance rates to determine the extent to which genetic factors contribute towards the etiology of a disorder.
What are twin studies?
Does not include the manipulation of an independent variable, but rather has co-variables and tests the strengths of the relationships between them.
What is a correlational study?
These bind to receptor sites and increase the chances of post-synaptic neuron firing.
What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
This mode of thinking is less likely to create feelings of certitude and confidence.
What is system 2 thinking (DPM)?
This occurs when one is in a situation where there is a risk of being judged or treated stereotypically or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype.
What is stereotype threat?
The biological etiology we have studied for PTSD.
What are abnormalities in the brain?
While these types of experiments are often high in ecological validity, they can be low in internal validity due to lack of control.
What are field experiments?
There are many receptor sites for this neurotransmitter in the hippocampus. Researchers have found that it plays a key role in the encoding of spatial memories in humans.
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
There are 4 parts of this model of memory studied by Baddeley and Hitch: the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer.
What is the Working Memory Model?
This theory argues that a person has not just one “personal self”, but rather several social selves that correspond to group membership. According to the theory, we need to understand who we are and know our value in social contexts. This is why we categorize ourselves in terms of group membership.
What is Social Identity Theory?
The cognitive etiology of PTSD we have studied that includes the process of assessing an emotional stimulus.
What are cognitive appraisals?
A study where the researcher manipulates the independent variable in a controlled environment. There is random allocation to the experimental group or the control group.
What are lab experiments?
These molecules are introduced to the body to mimic or amplify the effect of neurotransmitters.
What are agonists?
These systematic errors negatively affect the accuracy of one or more cognitive processes.
What are cognitive biases?
This refers to generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within a family who have immigrated to a new culture.
What is an acculturation gap?
This approach can be used to answer etiology questions and prevalence question in Paper 2.
Sociocultural approach
The extent to which conclusions from a study can be applied to contexts beyond the study itself
What is generalizability?
This happens when synaptic connections in a neural network are lost because they are not being used.
What is neural pruning?
The creation of false memories because of inaccurate information introduced after an event has occured.
What is the misinformation effect?
This concept is the most fundamental foundation of stereotyping, social identity formation and intergroup relations. Without it, intergroup behaviour is not possible.
What is salience?
In many abnormal studies, it is difficult to distinguish between etiologies and symptoms. What is the terms for this?
What is bi-directional ambiguity