Memory Models
What are the three parts of MSM?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
What is a schema?
A mental representation that organizes our knowledge, beliefs and expectations.
The memory of specific events that have occurred at a given time and in a given place.
Episodic memory
It is a slower, conscious, and rational mode of thinking.
System 2.
A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.
Heuristic.
What are the elements of the WMM
Central executive, phonological loop, visual sketchpad, episodic buffer, long-term memory
What is assimilation?
When you add information to your schema.
General knowledge of facts and people, for example, concepts and schemas and it is not linked to time and place.
Semantic memory
Focuses on what it sees – and ignores absent evidence.
System 1
What is meant by cognitive bias?
A systematic error in thinking that impacts one's choices and judgments.
How is information transferred from short to long-term memory in both systems?
Through rehearsal.
What is accomodation?
When an existing schema is replaced by a new one.
What is misinformation effect?
When misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event.
Works with abstract concepts.
System 2.
What is anchoring bias?
When an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (known as the "anchor") when making decisions.
What is an articulatory suppression task?
Doing two tasks that use the same slave system and preventing rehearsal.
A memory error that produces fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world.
Confabulation.
What is a flashbulb memory?
A vivid memory associated with a surprising and emotional event.
What is ego depletion?
When people use up their available willpower on one task. As a result, they are unable to exert the same level of self-control on subsequent, often unrelated tasks.
What is confirmation bias?
When we tend to focus on (or search for) and remember information that is consistent with our pre-existing beliefs.
Why is multitasking explained by WMM but not by MSM?
We can multitask as long as the tasks do not use the same slave system. The MSM does not have the slave systems that work in-tandem; instead it only has one linear unitary system with very short capacity.
What is sharpening?
Emphasizing or adding details to “fill in the gaps” of the story.
True or false: all FBMs are reconstructive memories, but not all reconstructive memories are FBMs.
True, it depends if there was the element of surprise and personal relevance.
Give one limitation of the Dual Processing Model.
•Just because a processing is fast does not mean it is done by system 1.
•Experience can influence System 2 processing to go faster.
A cognitive shortcut that tends to focus attention on evidence containing letters and numbers in the rule.
Matching bias