Endocrine/nervous
What hormone-producing gland is situated on the top of the kidney?
Adrenal Gland
What is tidal volume??
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a "normal" breath.
List 3 factors that influence an individuals respiration rate.
physical activity level
age
medical conditions
altitude
temperature
emotions
body position
What is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise.
Which macronutrient is primarily responsible for muscle repair and growth
Protein
In the human brain neurotransmitters work to send signals from neuron to neuron. When this chemical signal is sent, which part of the neuron will be on the receiving end of the message?
The dendrites
What is blood redistribution?
The process of directing blood flow to active muscles.
What does the increased respiration rate after physical activity allow the body to do?
A To elevate the pH of the blood
B To activate muscle proprioceptors
C To activate the peripheral chemoreceptors
D To initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex
A - elevate PH of the blood
What is cardiovascular drift?
increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume that occurs during prolonged exercise
Describe the pathway of urine.
Renal arteries - kidneys - nephrons - glomuleras - ureter - bladder - urethra
Which hormonal glands are located in the cranium?
Pineal and Hypothalamus
During a 400-meter sprint, which energy system provides the majority of ATP?
Lactic Acid System
How is cardiac output calculated?
CO = HR x SV.
What are the 3 main methods commonly used to monitor the hydration status of athletes?
Urine specific gravity
urinalysis
Osmolarity
What is a common cause of hypoglycemia in athletes?
High intensity exercise
What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone?
Controlling calcium levels
How is cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate affected when the heart demands oxygenated blood during physical exertion?
Increasing cardiac output, increasing stroke volume, increasing heart rate
What causes the change in blood acidity that results in increased ventilation?
Increase in carbon dioxide
What is hyponatremia and what are the most common signs and symptoms?
The concentration of sodium in the blood is low. symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, and fatigue, seizures, coma, death
Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body??
The liver and skeletal muscle
Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart, including the heart's electrical system in controlling contractions.
IVC & SVC - RA - RV - Lungs - LA - LV - Aorta
SA node - AV node - bundle of HIS - perkinje fibers
Why do trained athletes typically have a lower resting heart rate compared to untrained individuals?
increased stroke volume (amount of blood heart can pump) because each heart beat delivers more oxygenated blood, so the heart doesn't need to beat as frequently to meet the body's needs.
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has the highest glycogen content?
Type IIB muscle fibers
What is the primary cause of cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise?
Dehydration and heat stress
Which process involves the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids?
Lipolysis