Ch 6a
Which type of behavior is the most difficult to predict?
Criminal behavior
Victim behavior
Witness behavior
Human behavior
Criminal behavior
Which of the following activities are considered to be proactive policing? Select all that apply.
Aggressive traffic enforcement
Making more drug arrests
Sponsoring neighborhood social events
Officer prevention and awareness programs in the elementary schools
Aggressive traffic enforcement
Making more drug arrests
According to a study of investigative techniques conducted by Martin Innes, what are the principle techniques detectives rely upon to help create an understanding of how and why a crime took place?
Interviews and forensic evidence
Interrogations and gaining confessions
Officer experience and intuition
Legal interpretation and tactical experience
Interviews and forensic evidence
Why is officer discretion also referred to as low-visibility decision making?
Because officers work under the “blue curtain,” and it is difficult to supervise them
Because officer discretion is rarely subject to administrative or judicial review
Because police work is often done away from the public, the decisions they make have low visibility
Because officers are often required to make discretionary decisions without having all the facts
Because officer discretion is rarely subject to administrative or judicial review
While racial profiling is a controversial subject in the criminal justice field, at what rate did many empirical studies find that state and local police officers routinely stop and/or search Black motorists?
At a far lower rate than their representation in the driving pool
At the same rate when compared to their representation in the driving pool
At a rate far greater than their representation in the driving pool
Infrequently when compared to White motorists
At a rate far greater than their representation in the driving pool
What is the term for exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals?
Integrity
Corruption
Low visibility
Brutality
Corruption
Which events always cause personnel changes within a police organization? Select all that apply.
Promotions
Retirements
Transfers
Poor morale
Internal reorganization
Promotions
Retirements
Transfers
Internal reorganizationWhich of the following key points define the results of Kansas City’s broken windows model? Select all that apply.
Controlling the citizens of a neighborhood ensures the safety for that neighborhood.
Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.
Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals.
Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.
Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals.
Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
What is an activity called that occurs when an organized group of detectives deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity?
Black bag operation
Buy-bust operation
Entrapment operation
Sting operation
Sting operation
If an officer finds marijuana in someone’s car (in a state where recreational use of marijuana is not legal), and decides to confiscate the drug, rather than confiscating the drug and arresting the car owner, what is this an example of?
Officer discretion
Officer brutality
Officer insubordination
Officer misconduct
Officer discretion
Harvard scholars Mathias Risse and Richard Zeckhauser argue that racial profiling can be justified. What is their argument?
Racial profiling can be used as a crime control tactic.
Racial profiling lessens bigotry in certain areas of the country.
Racial profiling does not lead to any changes in given racial groups.
Racial profiling is not actually racial in nature.
Racial profiling can be used as a crime control tactic.
Which of the following officers would be described as a “grass eater” by the Knapp Commission?
An officer who threatens a store owner with the arrest of his son (a known drug user) if the store owner does not let the officer take products from the store free of charge
An officer that pulls over an intoxicated local official and accepts a bribe to allow the DUI to go unreported
An officer who patrols an area where he knows a bank will be robbed and agrees to turn a blind eye to the alarm, as well as dispatch calls, in order to take a cut from the robbery profits
An officer who knocks on the door of a known drug dealer in the area and is allowed inside, where he slams the drug-dealer up against a wall and threatens to arrest him if he isn't paid a bribe
An officer that pulls over an intoxicated local official and accepts a bribe to allow the DUI to go unreported
In regard to the crime-fighting portrayal of the police officer, which of the following statistics are correct?
(a) Over 80 percent of civilian contact with the police involves a felony.
(b) Of the 11 million arrests officers across the country make each year, over half of them are for violent crimes.
(c) About 17 percent of Americans ages 16 and older will have contact with the police.
(d) Studies and the statistics they report show that the main role of the police officer is simple and homogenous.
(c) About 17 percent of Americans ages 16 and older will have contact with the police.
Which of the following are the duties of a victim advocate? Select all that apply.
Arresting the person responsible for the crime against the victims
Going to court with the victims of crime
Offering information to crime victims
Providing emotional support to crime victims
Going to court with the victims of crime
Offering information to crime victims
Providing emotional support to crime victims
According to research conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum, if a crime is reported in progress, what is the percentage probability of catching the perpetrator?
About 10 percent
About 33 percent
About 67.5 percent
About 90 percent
About 33 percent
Which of the following factors influence a police officer’s use of discretion? Select all that apply.
Victim factors
Training factors
Departmental factors
Peer factors
Victim factors
Departmental factors
Peer factors
What does the acronym SQF stand for?
Stationary, quality, and form
Stop, quarry, and fill
Suspect, question, and format
Stop, question, and frisk
Stop, question, and frisk
New York police detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa were convicted of selling police files of key witnesses to the mob, who then conducted 11 mob hits on individuals within the files. What is this an example of?
Active criminality
Selective enforcement
Bribery and extortion
Chiseling
Active criminality
Regardless of the style of policing, what job in a police department is still considered the backbone of the department, and constitutes two-thirds of that organization’s personnel?
Resource officer
Detective
Uniformed patrol officer
Administrative support staff
Uniformed patrol officer
According to Michael White, a professor of criminology at Arizona State University, which of the following answers are the key advantages of body-worn cameras? Select all that apply.
Body cameras have evidentiary value.
Body cameras support an officer’s rights to privacy while performing their duties.
Body cameras increase transparency.
Body cameras can improve police training.
Body cameras have evidentiary value.
Body cameras increase transparency.
Body cameras can improve police training.
Which of the following statements are true regarding community-oriented policing? Select all that apply.
Community-oriented policing programs promote interaction between officers and citizens.
Community-oriented policing programs always reduce the amount of crime in a neighborhood.
Community-oriented policing programs can reduce the level of fear in a community.
Community-oriented policing programs give officers the time to meet with local residents to talk about crime in the neighborhood.
Community-oriented policing programs promote interaction between officers and citizens.
Community-oriented policing programs can reduce the level of fear in a community.
Community-oriented policing programs give officers the time to meet with local residents to talk about crime in the neighborhood.
What is the attitude and appearance of an offender referred to when it may or may not be suspicious?
Demeanor
Category
Profile
Modus
Demeanor
What did the Weisburd study determine regarding stop, question, and frisk?
SQFs had a small impact on deterring crime in New York.
SQFs exerted a significant but modest deterrent effect on crime.
SQFs had a major impact on deterring crime in certain areas.
SQFs did not have any effect on deterring crime.
SQFs exerted a significant but modest deterrent effect on crime.
Which of the following is NOT identified as a “stressor” for police officers?
Police union membership
Police subculture
24-hour shifts
Lack of decision-making ability
Police union membership
Which of the following might be considered the “real role” of today’s police officer?
A social worker
A community problem solver
An enforcer of the law
A guardian of the culture
A community problem solver
Which term describes the amount of order, maintenance, crime control, and other law enforcement activities provided by individual police officers?
Police activity
Police performance
Police productivity
Police action
Police productivity
Which of the following problems influence the effectiveness of community policing strategies? Select all that apply.
Changing supervisor attitudes about how community policing agents are supervised
Defining roles of the community police agents
The public’s response to the program
Defining the community
Changing supervisor attitudes about how community policing agents are supervised
Defining roles of the community police agents
Defining the community
Deadly force
Which of the following is NOT considered an act of police brutality?
Prodding someone with a nightstick
Using abusive language
Accepting bribes for protection
Making threats
Accepting bribes for protection
If an officer is paid what they consider to be low pay, what type of stressor is this?
Individual stressor
External stressor
Duty stressor
Organizational stressor
Organizational stressor
Which of the following activities are considered to be proactive policing? Select all that apply.
Officer prevention and awareness programs in the elementary schools
Making more drug arrests
Sponsoring neighborhood social events
Aggressive traffic enforcement
Making more drug arrests
Aggressive traffic enforcement
Which of the following statements are true regarding problem-oriented policing? Select all that apply.
Problem-oriented policing strategies are supported by the fact that urban crime is concentrated in hot spots.
Problem-oriented policing requires officers to deal efficiently with a given situation and return to patrolling the street again as quickly as possible.
Problem-oriented policing stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting.
Problem-oriented policing requires focusing on short-term community problems, such as handling dignitary visits or crowd management for large events.
.Problem-oriented policing strategies are supported by the fact that urban crime is concentrated in hot spots.
Problem-oriented policing stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting.
Which of the following steps are part of the six-step process in the intelligence gathering process? Select all that apply.
Processing and collation
Evidence review
Collection
Planning and direction
Processing and collation
Collection
Planning and direction
Which of the following factors influence a police officer’s use of discretion? Select all that apply.
Peer factors
Departmental factors
Victim factors
Training factors
Peer factors
Departmental factors
Victim factors
What is racial profiling?
A term used to describe a valid form of investigation
A term used to describe overt racism in the police department
A term used to describe racial influence over police discretion
A term used to describe police policy issues
A term used to describe racial influence over police discretion
Which of the following was NOT listed as an effect of officer stress?
Heart disease
Early onset dementia
Divorce
Diabetes
Early onset dementia
Which of the following key points define the results of Kansas City’s broken windows model? Select all that apply.
Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals.
Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.
Controlling the citizens of a neighborhood ensures the safety for that neighborhood.
Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals.
Neighborhood disorder creates fear.
Police need to aggressively target low-level quality of life crimes.
Assessment question
Intelligence-led policing
Which of the following is a formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security and intelligence-sharing needs recognized after the 9/11 terrorist attacks?
The International Task Force Against Terrorism
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan
The National Criminal Investigative Initiative
The Global Intelligence Task Force
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan
You are a judge overseeing the trial of a police officer who killed a suspect during a drug bust. While trying to handcuff the suspect, the officer’s gun dropped onto the floor and discharged. The bullet traveled through a wall and struck another suspect who was already handcuffed on the couch in a living room. Would you describe the actions of this officer as “using deadly force”?
Yes
No
It depends
Not enough information
No
What does the term dark figure refer to regarding police shootings?
Data regarding police shootings is not readily available, so statistics are inaccurate.
Police officers intentionally underreport police shootings.
Crime analysts are not seen as part of the brotherhood, so their funding has been cut.
Police shootings of minority citizens are underreported by agencies in the South.
Data regarding police shootings is not readily available, so statistics are inaccurate.
How are modern police agencies combating officer stress?
They are reinforcing the concept of the “blue curtain.”
They are looking to the armed forces for advanced military training.
They are incorporating relaxation, meditation, and exercise into police training.
They are creating “family-free” training programs, so that officers can voice their concerns without the fear of judgment from outsiders.
They are incorporating relaxation, meditation, and exercise into police training.
If a police organization’s goal is to increase the chances of citizens helping police fight crime, which of the following is the best tactic to utilize?
Treat citizens with dignity and respect.
Enforce the law vigorously.
Respond rapidly to 911 calls.
Target low-level (minor) offenses in a targeted area.
Treat citizens with dignity and respect.
Which of the following best defines tactical intelligence?
Gaining or developing information related to social issues affecting the police organization
Gaining or developing information related to misdemeanors
Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime
Gaining or developing information related to community-policing initiatives
Gaining or developing information related to threats of terrorism or crime
Which division of larger policing agencies is tasked with processing citizen complaints of police corruption and investigating allegations of unnecessary use of force by police officers?
The chief’s office
The American Civil Liberties Union
Internal affairs
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
Internal affairs
According to studies, what are fatal police shootings closely related to?
Reported national violent crime rates and criminal homicide rates
Arrest rates and officer disciplinary actions
Officer disciplinary action and aggravated assaults
Unreported crime and aggravated assaults
Reported national violent crime rates and criminal homicide rates
What effect did Tennessee v. Garner have on the policing world?
The ruling stated that if officers want to detain a suspect, they must have probable cause.
The ruling stated that deadly force may not be used unless it is necessary to prevent escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others.
The ruling stated that deadly force falls under the category of “officer discretion” and should not be ruled on by the courts.
The ruling stated that vehicles do not warrant the same level of privacy protection as homes.
The ruling stated that deadly force may not be used unless it is necessary to prevent escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious injury to the officer or others.
What can paying special attention to scheduling, limiting second jobs, and reviewing policies help agencies with?
Discouraging racism
Lessening cadet drops
Controlling police fatigue
Combating corruption
Controlling police fatigue